Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Diabetes. May 15, 2021; 12(5): 603-615
Published online May 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i5.603
Published online May 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i5.603
Protocol | Treatment | DC phenotype | Therapeutic effects in T1D | Ref. |
GM-CSF | Apoptotic bodies-loaded | ↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86); ↓ IL-6; ↓ TNF-α | Reduces disease incidence in NOD mice. Reduces insulitis | Marin-Gallen et al[62], 2010 |
Liposomes-loaded | ↑ TIM4, CD36; ↓ MHC-II; ↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86); ↑ CCR7, CCR2; ↑ DC-SING; ↓ IL-6; ↑ Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1) | Decreases CD8+ T cell proliferation. Reduces disease incidence in NOD mice. Reduces insulitis | Pujol-Autonell et al[64], 2015 | |
GM-CSF/IL-4 | Antisense oligonucleotides | ↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86); ↓ NO; ↓ TNF-α, IL-12p70 | Prevents diabetes in NOD mice. Reduces insulitis. Promotes Tregs. Increases B cells. Suppresses T cells proliferation: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00445913; Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02354911 | Machen et al[50], 2004 |
Di Caro et al[51], 2014 | ||||
Di Caro et al[52], 2012 | ||||
Phillips et al[53], 2008 | ||||
Giannoukakis et al[54], 2011 | ||||
NIH[68], 2007 | ||||
NIH[69], 2015 | ||||
Antigen-loaded: Proinsulin | Tolerogenic phenotype (not specifically described) | Delays or halts progressive destruction of β-cell and loss function. -Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04590872 | Nikolic et al[70], 2020 | |
FACT[71] | ||||
Liposomes-loaded | ↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86); ↑ PDL1 expression; ↑ VEGF secretion | Arrests autoimmunity in the model of experimental diabetes | Rodriguez-Fernandez et al[61], 2019 | |
Rodriguez-Fernandez et al[63], 2018 | ||||
TLR´s ligand: 1Z1 | ↑ PD-L1; ↑ IRAK-M; Minimum increases of MHC-II, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86 | Suppresses T cell activation and proliferation. Delays insulitis in NOD mice | Kim et al[67], 2012 | |
GM-CSF/IL-10 | ↓ Costimulatory molecules; ↓ IL-12, IL-23, IL-6; ↑ IL-10 | Reduces insulitis. Prevents spontaneous diabetes in murine models. Induces Tregs. Induces hyporesponsiveness of T cells. Inhibits T cells proliferation | Haase et al[34], 2005 | |
Tai et al[35], 2011 | ||||
GM-CSF/IL-4 + IL-10 or TGF-β | Intermediate expression of MHC-II, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD83; ↓ IL-12p70, IL-23, TNF-α; ↑ IL-10; ↑ IL-6; ↑ PD-L1 | Decreases T cells infiltration. Reduces T cells proliferation. Induces Tregs. Prolongs the survival of syngeneic Islet graft in NOD mice | Torres-Aguilar et al[24], 2010 | |
Boks et al[32], 2012 | ||||
Thomas et al[33], 2013 | ||||
GM-CSF/IL-4 + IL-10/TGF-β | Antigen-loaded: Insulin; GAD65 | ↑ CD1a; ↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86); ↓ CD83; ↓ MHC-II; ↓ IL-12; ↓ IL-23; ↑ PGE | Suppresses effector/memory T cells. Induces T cells anergy. Induces Tregs. Induces IL-10 production by T cells. Suppresses T cells proliferation. Induces hyporesponsiveness of T cells | Torres-Aguilar et al[44], 2010 |
Segovia-Gamboa et al[58], 2014 | ||||
GM-CSF/IL-4 + Vitamin D/Dexamethasone | Antigen-loaded: -Proinsulin | ↓ MHC-II; ↓ IFN-γ; ↓ CD86; ↑ IL-10; ↑ PD-L1 | Controls autoimmunity. Induces Tregs. Inhibits effector T cells. Eliminates CD8+ T cells | Suwandi et al[55], 2020 |
Gibson et al[56], 2015 | ||||
-GAD65 | ↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86); ↓ CD83; ↓ MHC-II; ↑ CD14; ↑ TLR-2; ↑ PD-L1; ↑ IL-10; ↓ IL-6, TNF-, IL-23, IL-12p70 | Decreases Th1/Th17 responses. Suppresses antigen-specific T cell activation and proliferation. Prevents onset diabetes in NOD-SCID mice. Decreases IFN-γ production by T cells | Phillips et al[20], 2017 | |
Funda et al[57], 2018 | ||||
GM-CSF/IL-4 + Rapamycin | ↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80); ↓ IL-6, IL-23; ↑ PD-L1 | Induces Tregs. Inhibits T cell proliferation. Reduces Th17 cells | Boks et al[32], 2012 | |
Navarro-Barriuso et al[39], 2018 |
- Citation: Ríos-Ríos WJ, Sosa-Luis SA, Torres-Aguilar H. Current advances in using tolerogenic dendritic cells as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2021; 12(5): 603-615
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v12/i5/603.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i5.603