Minireviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Diabetes. May 15, 2021; 12(5): 603-615
Published online May 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i5.603
Table 1 Tolerogenic dendritic cells manufacturing for type 1 diabetes therapy
Protocol
Treatment
DC phenotype
Therapeutic effects in T1D
Ref.
GM-CSFApoptotic bodies-loaded↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86); ↓ IL-6; ↓ TNF-αReduces disease incidence in NOD mice. Reduces insulitisMarin-Gallen et al[62], 2010
Liposomes-loaded↑ TIM4, CD36; ↓ MHC-II; ↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86); ↑ CCR7, CCR2; ↑ DC-SING; ↓ IL-6; ↑ Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1)Decreases CD8+ T cell proliferation. Reduces disease incidence in NOD mice. Reduces insulitisPujol-Autonell et al[64], 2015
GM-CSF/IL-4Antisense oligonucleotides↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86); ↓ NO; ↓ TNF-α, IL-12p70Prevents diabetes in NOD mice. Reduces insulitis. Promotes Tregs. Increases B cells. Suppresses T cells proliferation: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00445913; Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02354911Machen et al[50], 2004
Di Caro et al[51], 2014
Di Caro et al[52], 2012
Phillips et al[53], 2008
Giannoukakis et al[54], 2011
NIH[68], 2007
NIH[69], 2015
Antigen-loaded: ProinsulinTolerogenic phenotype (not specifically described)Delays or halts progressive destruction of β-cell and loss function. -Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04590872Nikolic et al[70], 2020
FACT[71]
Liposomes-loaded↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86); ↑ PDL1 expression; ↑ VEGF secretionArrests autoimmunity in the model of experimental diabetesRodriguez-Fernandez et al[61], 2019
Rodriguez-Fernandez et al[63], 2018
TLR´s ligand: 1Z1↑ PD-L1; ↑ IRAK-M; Minimum increases of MHC-II, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86Suppresses T cell activation and proliferation. Delays insulitis in NOD miceKim et al[67], 2012
GM-CSF/IL-10↓ Costimulatory molecules; ↓ IL-12, IL-23, IL-6; ↑ IL-10Reduces insulitis. Prevents spontaneous diabetes in murine models. Induces Tregs. Induces hyporesponsiveness of T cells. Inhibits T cells proliferationHaase et al[34], 2005
Tai et al[35], 2011
GM-CSF/IL-4 + IL-10 or TGF-βIntermediate expression of MHC-II, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD83; ↓ IL-12p70, IL-23, TNF-α; ↑ IL-10; ↑ IL-6; ↑ PD-L1Decreases T cells infiltration. Reduces T cells proliferation. Induces Tregs. Prolongs the survival of syngeneic Islet graft in NOD miceTorres-Aguilar et al[24], 2010
Boks et al[32], 2012
Thomas et al[33], 2013
GM-CSF/IL-4 + IL-10/TGF-βAntigen-loaded: Insulin; GAD65↑ CD1a; ↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86); ↓ CD83; ↓ MHC-II; ↓ IL-12; ↓ IL-23; ↑ PGESuppresses effector/memory T cells. Induces T cells anergy. Induces Tregs. Induces IL-10 production by T cells. Suppresses T cells proliferation. Induces hyporesponsiveness of T cellsTorres-Aguilar et al[44], 2010
Segovia-Gamboa et al[58], 2014
GM-CSF/IL-4 + Vitamin D/DexamethasoneAntigen-loaded: -Proinsulin↓ MHC-II; ↓ IFN-γ; ↓ CD86; ↑ IL-10; ↑ PD-L1Controls autoimmunity. Induces Tregs. Inhibits effector T cells. Eliminates CD8+ T cellsSuwandi et al[55], 2020
Gibson et al[56], 2015
-GAD65↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86); ↓ CD83; ↓ MHC-II; ↑ CD14; ↑ TLR-2; ↑ PD-L1; ↑ IL-10; ↓ IL-6, TNF-, IL-23, IL-12p70Decreases Th1/Th17 responses. Suppresses antigen-specific T cell activation and proliferation. Prevents onset diabetes in NOD-SCID mice. Decreases IFN-γ production by T cellsPhillips et al[20], 2017
Funda et al[57], 2018
GM-CSF/IL-4 + Rapamycin↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80); ↓ IL-6, IL-23; ↑ PD-L1Induces Tregs. Inhibits T cell proliferation. Reduces Th17 cellsBoks et al[32], 2012
Navarro-Barriuso et al[39], 2018