Exercise intervention under hypoxic condition as a new therapeutic paradigm for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review

Table 2 Effects of hypoxia vs normoxia chronic exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or insulin-resistance

Ref.	Participants	Intervention	Intensity	Frequency and duration	Main results
Wiesner et al[69] (2010)1	n = 45. NTG: sex: 8 male, 13 females; age: 42.1 ± 1.7yr; BMI: 32.5 ± 0.8. HTG: sex: 10 male, 14 females; age: 42.2 ± 1.2 yr; BMI: 33.1 ± 0.3	60 min running on a treadmill; normobaric hypoxia: simulated altitude: ca. 2740 m	VO2peak: 65%	3 d/wk, 4 wk	Lactate levels at the anaerobic threshold: ↓ HTG; fasting insulin, HOMA-IR: ↓ NTG, HTG; body fat decreased: HTG > NTG; BP, LDL-c: ↔ NTG, HTG
Schreuder et al[66] (2014)2	n = 19. NTG: sex: 5 male, 4 females; age: 52.0 ± 8.0 yr; BMI: 36.0 ± 6.5 kg/m2. HTG: sex: 9 male, 1 female; age: 57.0 ± 6.0 yr; BMI: 30.9 ± 4.1 kg/m2	45 min endurance training (cycling) + series of strength training exercises; normobaric hypoxia: FiO2: 16.5%: simulated altitude: ca. 2100 m	HRR: 70%-75%	3 d/wk, 8 wk	VO2max: ↑ NTG, HTG; BMI, BP, HOMA-IR, HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG, fasting glucose, HbA1c: ↔ NTG, HTG; Vasodilatory function: ↔ NTG, HTG

¹Data are presented as mean ± SE.

²Data are presented as mean ± SD. NTG: Normoxia training group; HTG: Hypoxia training group; BMI: Body mass index; Fi₂: Fraction of inspired oxygen; HDL-c: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment for the quantification of insulin-resistance; HRR: Heart rate reserve; LDL-c: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VO₂peak: Peak oxygen uptake; VO₂max: Maximal oxygen uptake; BP: Blood pressure; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride.