Anti- and non-tumor necrosis factor-α-targeted therapies effects on insulin resistance in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis

Table 4 Studies and case reports on effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor and non-tumor necrosis factor-targeted therapies on insulin resistance or diabetes in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis/psoriasis patients

No.	Source	Drug	Case, n disease	Clinical feature(s)	Duration	Effect on IR or DM status	Ref.
1	2005, Greece	IFX	17, AS	Non-DM	6 mo	Reduced HOMA-IR in high-IR group	[68]
2	2007, Italy	ETA	9, PsO	Non-DM	24 wk	Reduced HbA1C and insulin levels	[188]
3	2009, Brazil	ETA	1, PsO	Type II DM	7 h	Hypoglycemic episode	[189]
4	2009, United States	ETA	1, PsO	Type II DM	20 mo	Reduced HbA1C and fasting glucose levels, discontinuing insulin use	[190]
5	2010, Brazil	TNF blocker1	18, PsA	Non-DM	6 mo	No changes in fasting glucose levels	[191]
6	2010, Brazil	TNF blocker1	37, AS	Non-DM	6 mo	No changes in fasting glucose levels	[191]
6	2011, United States	ADA	54, PsO	DM 13%, PsA 41%	16 wk	Ineffective changes in fasting glucose levels in DM	[192]
7	2012, Spain	IFX	30, AS	Non-DM	120 min	Reduced HOMA-IR	[196]
8	2014, Turkey	IFX	30, AS	Non-DM	12 wk	Ineffective HOMA-IR	[197]
9	2017, United States	ETA	1, PsA	Type II DM, obesity	12 wk	Reduced HbA1C and fasting glucose levels, discontinuing insulin use	[193]
10	2018, Taiwan	UST	93, PsO	Obesity 45%	24 wk	Increased fasting glucose levels	[207]
11	2018, United States	IXE	2328, PsO	DM 9%, PsA 24%	12 wk	No changes in fasting glucose levels	[202]
12	2019, Germany	SEC	828, PsO	DM 10%, PsA 19%	52 wk	No changes in fasting glucose levels	[204]
13	2019, INC	APR	1089, PsA/O	DM 9%	52 wk	Reduced HbA1C, improvement highest in HbA1C no less than 6.5%	[210]
14	2019, Italy	APR	1, PsO	Type II DM, obesity	6 mo	Reduced HbA1C and fasting glucose levels, discontinuing insulin use	[211]
15	2020, Italy	APR	113, PsA/O	DM, 25%	52 wk	Reduced fasting glucose levels	[212]
16	2020, INC	TOF	474, PsA	MetS, 42%	6 mo	No increased blood glucose levels, hyperglycemic event and diabetic occurrence	[217]
17	2021, Taiwan	TOF	5, PsA	Non-DM, non-obese, high-IR	12 wk	Reduced HOMA-IR	PS

¹Tumor necrosis factor blocker in No. 5 and 6 including adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab. ADA: Adalimumab; APR: Apremilast; AS: Ankylosing spondylitis; ETA: Etanercept; IFX: Infliximab; INC: International countries; IR: Insulin resistance; IXE: Ixekizumab; MetS: Metabolic syndrome; PS: Present study; PsA: Psoriatic arthritis; PsO: Psoriasis; Ref.: Reference; SEC: Secukinumab; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TOF: Tofacitinib; UST: Ustekinumab; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment.