Anti- and non-tumor necrosis factor-α-targeted therapies effects on insulin resistance in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis

Table 2 Studies on effects of non-tumor necrosis factor-targeted therapies on insulin resistance in rheumatoid arthritis patients

No.	Source	Drug	Cases, n	Clinical features	Duration	Effects on IR	Ref.
1	2010, Germany	TCZ	11	Non-diabetic	3 mo	Improved HOMA-IR	[116]
2	2012, United Kingdom	ABA	7	Non-diabetic, active disease	12 wk	Ineffective HOMA-IR	[65]
3	2013, United Kingdom	TCZ	221	Active disease	24 wk	Improved HOMA-IR	[117]
4	2013, United Kingdom	TCZ	62	Active disease, JRA children	6 wk	Improved HOMA-IR in high-IR group	[118]
5	2015, Italy	ABA	15	Non-diabetic, active disease	6 mo	Improved ISI, ineffective β-cell functions	[119]
6	2015, Taiwan	TCZ	24	Active disease	24 wk	Improved HOMA-IR	[120]
7	2015, Greece	TCZ	19	Active disease	6 mo	Ineffective HOMA-IR	[121]
8	2017, France	TCZ	15	Active disease	6 mo	Ineffective HOMA-IR	[122]
9	2019, Spain	TCZ	50	Non-diabetic	1 h after 1st infusion	Improved HOMA-IR	[123]
10	2019, France	Other1, TNFi	107, 96	Active disease	24 wk	Improved leptin/adiponectin ratios in other group than TNFi group	[124]
11	2020, France	TCZ	77	Active disease	12 mo	Ineffective HOMA-IR	[125]

¹No. 10 study including other non-tumor necrosis factor-targeted agents, like abatacept and tocilizumab. ABA: Abatacept; IR: Insulin resistance; ISI: Insulin sensitivity index; JRA: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; TCZ: Tocilizumab; TNFi: Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor; HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment.