Anti- and non-tumor necrosis factor-α-targeted therapies effects on insulin resistance in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis

Table 1 Studies on effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapies on insulin resistance in non-diabetic rheumatoid arthritis patients

No.	Source	Character	Cases, n, drug (s)	Clinical feature (s)	Duration	Effects on IR	Ref.
1	2004, Austria	mAb	2 IFX	Non-diabetic	4 or 8 mo	Improved HOMA-IR only in high-IR group	[67]
2	2005, Greece	mAb	28 IFX	Non-diabetic	6 mo	Improved HOMA-IR only in high-IR group	[68]
3	2006, Spain	mAb	27 IFX	Non-diabetic	2 h after infusion	Improved HOMA-IR	[69]
4	2007, Netherlands	mAb	5 IFX	Non-diabetic	6 wk	Improved insulin sensitivity1	[70]
5	2007, Denmark	mAb	9 ADA	Non-diabetic, high IR	8 wk	Ineffective HOMA-IR	[71]
6	2007, China	mAb	19 IFX	Non-diabetic	14 wk	Improved HOMA-IR	[72]
7	2007, Turkey	mAb	7 IFX	Non-diabetic	5-15 mo	Improved HOMA-IR	[73]
8	2008, Spain	mAb	21 IFX	Non-diabetic	24 wk	Improved HOMA-IR	[74]
9	2008, Italy	mAbs, sTNFRFP, Mixed	20 ETA, 18 IFX, Total 38	Non-diabetic	24 wk	Improved HOMA-IR	[63]
10	2011, Spain	mAbs, rsTNFRFP, Mixed	8 ADA, 6 IFX, 2 ETA, Total 16	Non-diabetic	12 mo	Ineffective HOMA-IR	[64]
11	2012, United Kingdom	mAbs, rsTNFRFP, Mixed	49 IFX, 11 ADA, 1 ETA, Total 61	Non-diabetic	12 wk	Improved HOMA-IR in high-IR group	[65]
12	2012, Greece	mAbs, rsTNFRFP, Mixed	20 IFX, 11 ETA, 1 ADA, Total 32	Non-diabetic	6 mo	Improved HOMA-IR in high-IR, non-obese group	[66]
13	2019, Italy	mAbs, rsTNFRFP, Separated	11 IFX, 12 ETA, 10 ADA, Total 33	Non-diabetic, non-obese	24 wk	Improved HOMA-IR in individual group of all TNF blockers	[75]
14	2020, Netherlands	mAb	28 ADA	Non-diabetic	6 mo	Ineffective HOMA-IR, improved-β-cell function	[76]
15	2020, Taiwan	rsTNFRFP	30 ETA	Non-diabetic, non-obese	24 wk	Improved HOMA-IR in high-IR group	[77]

¹Measurement by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp only. ADA: Adalimumab; ETA: Etanercept; IFX: Infliximab; IR: Insulin resistance; mAb: monoclonal antibody; rsTNFRFP: Recombinant soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptor fusion protein; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment.