Thioredoxin interacting protein, a key molecular switch between oxidative stress and sterile inflammation in cellular response

Figure 2 A diagram that depicts the five major classes of protein recognition receptors that are identified for sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns and subsequent stimulation of proinflammatory responses. The cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) include Toll-like receptors and c-type lectin receptors. The cytoplasmic PRRs include NOD-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-1-like receptors (RLRs), and the non-NLRs. RLRs recognize double-stranded RNA viruses and activate NFκB to increase the transcription of cytokines. The signaling of NLRs requires the initial expression of inflammasome and cytokine precursors such as pro-IL-1β or pro-IL-18. Assembly of the NLR-inflammasome results in caspase-1 activation and subsequently processing and secretion of cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Non-NLRs, known also as AIM-2 can recognize double-stranded DNA viruses. Similarly, AIM-2 signals via activation of cleavage and release of active caspase-1 to process and mature IL-1β and IL-18. TLRs: Toll-like receptors; NLRs: NOD-like receptors; CLRs: c-type lectin receptors; PRR: Pattern recognition receptors; RLRs: Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1-like receptors.