Rates and associates of influenza and pneumococcus vaccination in diabetes mellitus: A nationwide cross-sectional study (TEMD vaccination study)

Table 1 The comparison of the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with and without seasonal influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status

	Patients with T1DM, n = 454
	Influenza vac (+), n = 107 (23.6%)	Influenza vac (-), n = 346 (76.4%)	P value	Pneumo. vac (+), n = 36 (8.0%)	Pneumo. vac (-), n = 415 (92.0%)	P value
Sex (female)	72 (67.3)	207 (59.8)	0.165	23 (63.9)	254 (61.2)	0.751
Age (yr)	38.48 ± 13.61	32.18 ± 11.58	< 0.001	42.34 ± 14.51	32.94 ± 11.89	< 0.001
Diabetes duration (yr)	18.20 ± 11.20	12.19 ± 9.33	< 0.001	18.17 ± 11.52	13.23 ± 9.92	0.005
BMI (kg/m2)	24.67 ± 4.26	23.61 ± 4.08	0.021	24.44 ± 3.70	23.83 ± 4.18	0.399
SBP office (mm Hg)	118.44 ± 13.83	117.65 ± 15.35	0.635	119.64 ± 15.30	117.68 ± 14.99	0.452
DBP office (mm Hg)	74.44 ± 9.60	74.17 ± 9.44	0.796	75.22 ± 9.43	74.15 ± 9.51	0.518
HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)	8.24 ± 1.77 (66.61 ± 19.33)	8.79 ± 2.04 (72.56 ± 22.33)	0.014	8.11 ± 2.05 (65.19 ± 22.42)	8.71 ± 1.99 (71.70 ± 21.72)	0.095
LDL-C (mg/dL)	112.75 ± 39.00	105.18 ± 35.67	0.072	117.12 ± 35.19	106.04 ± 36.65	0.086
TG (mg/dL)	110.83 ± 74.83	116.32 ± 170.15	0.754	132.29 ± 82.02	113.41 ± 158.08	0.486
HDL-C (mg/dL)	60.23 ± 18.70	56.32 ± 17.36	0.056	57.78 ± 19.49	57.01 ± 17.49	0.805
Macrovascular complications, n (%)	12 (11.2)	25 (7.2)	0.188	4 (11.1)	33 (8.0)	0.508
Microvascular complications, n (%)	42 (39.3)	125 (36.1)	0.558	17 (47.2)	149 (35.9)	0.177
Higher education, n (%)	82 (76.6)	255 (75.0)	0.732	31 (86.1)	304 (74.3)	0.116
Private care center, n (%)	18 (16.8)	23 (6.6)	0.001	6 (16.7)	35 (8.4)	0.099
Lower-income, n (%)	18 (21.4)	69 (25.7)	0.423	4 (14.3)	83 (25.7)	0.180
Current smoking, n (%)	19 (17.8)	98 (28.5)	0.027	9 (25.0)	109 (26.3)	0.862
Regular exercise, n (%)	30 (28.3)	67 (19.5)	0.055	9 (25.0)	88 (21.4)	0.616
Obesity, n (%)	13 (12.3)	26 (7.5)	0.130	4 (11.1)	35 (8.5)	0.590
Hypertension, n (%)	33 (30.8)	82 (23.8)	0.147	14 (38.9)	102 (24.7)	0.062
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	84 (83.2)	232 (70.9)	0.015	31 (88.6)	284 (72.6)	0.040
Statin treatment, n (%)	23 (21.5)	31 (9.0)	< 0.001	7 (19.4)	47 (11.3)	0.150
Insulin pump, n (%)	25 (23.8)	64 (18.6)	0.236	6 (16.7)	82 (19.9)	0.827
Achieving metabolic targets, n (%)
HbA1c on target (< 7%), (< 53 mmol/mol)	16 (15.2)	52 (15.4)	0.971	7 (20.6)	61 (15.0)	0.385
BP on target (< 130/80 mm Hg)	98 (91.6)	308 (89.5)	0.536	32 (89.9)	371 (89.8)	0.858
LDL-C on target (< 100 mg/dL)	35 (35.7)	162 (49.1)	0.020	10 (28.6)	186 (47.6)	0.031

T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; vac: Vaccination; Pneumo.: Pneumococcal, BMI: Body mass index; SBP and DPB: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C and HDL-C: Low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides.