Thioredoxin interacting protein, a key molecular switch between oxidative stress and sterile inflammation in cellular response

Table 1 Summary of studies on modulation of thioredoxin interacting protein using natural antioxidants animal models

Ref.	Treatment	Animal model	Main findings
[1]	Taohong Siwu decoction 18, 9 and 4.5mg/kg	Rat with middle cerebral artery occlusion	Improved neubehavioral function and inflammation and inhibited pyroptosis following ischemic stroke
	Intragastric administration for 7 d
[2]	Z-Guggulsterone, 12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg, (ip)	Rat with middle cerebral artery occlusion	Z-Guggulsterone improved neurological deficit and, modulated redox imbalance and inflammation through inhibition of TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling
	Intraperitoneal administration for 6 d
[11]	Curcumin 50 mg/kg,	Rat with cerebral artery occlusion	Attenuated ischemic brain injury. Modulation of TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation by suppression of ER stress.
	One hour before surgery, (ip)
[70] [69]	Curcumin	HFD/ High sugar diet	Prevented fatty liver via inhibition of TXNIP
[66]	Qurecetin	diabetes	Prevented inflammation, liver TXNIP, lipid accumulation
[6]	Ketogenic diet	Mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion	Ketogenic diet improved ischemic tolerance, Attenuated ER stress and TXNIP/NLRP3 activation
	3 wk
[7]	Umbelliferone, 15and 30 mg /kg	Rat with middle cerebral artery occlusion	Protected against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by suppressing TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation
	Pretreatment for 7 d (ip)
[8]	Ruscogenin, 10 mg/kg One hour before surgery, (Intra gastic admin.	Mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion	Decreased brain infarction, edema, improved neurological outcome by suppressing a TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation and MAPK pathway
[9]	Resveratrol, 5 mg/Kg	WT mice with embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion	Protected from ischemic injury, improved neurological score suppressed TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis
	3 h post-embolic occlusion. (iv)
[21]	Salvianolic acid	HFD- Rats	Prevented HFD-induced NAFLD
[65]	Salidroside		Prevented HFD-induced NAFLD
[12]	Compound 10b, 3 mg/kg	Rat with middle cerebral artery occlusion	Attenuated cerebral ischemia by upregulating endogenous antioxidant system and down regulation of oxidative stress.
	At the onset of reperfusion

TXNIP: Thioredoxin interacting protein; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3; HFD: High fat diet.