Diabetes patients with comorbidities had unfavorable outcomes following COVID-19: A retrospective study

Table 3 Treatments and outcomes of 1331 coronavirus disease 2019 patients divided into different groups

	Tota (n = 1331)	Non-diabetes (n = 1140)	Diabetes (n = 191)	P1 value	Non- comorbidity (n = 779)	Diabetes only (n = 65)	Diabetes with comorbidities (n = 126)	P2 value
Treatments
Antiviral therapy	1227 (92.2)	1057 (92.7)	170 (89.0)	0.077	725 (93.1)	62 (95.4)	108 (85.7)	0.010
Antibiotic therapy	1142 (85.8)	982 (86.1)	160 (83.8)	0.385	665 (85.4)	57 (87.7)	103 (81.7)	0.472
Systemic glucocorticoid	533 (40.0)	458 (40.2)	75 (39.3)	0.813	292 (37.5)	23 (35.4)	52 (41.3)	0.657
Intravenous immunoglobulin	403 (30.3)	342 (30.0)	61 (31.9)	0.590	210 (27.0)	18 (27.7)	43 (34.1)	0.250
Renal replacement therapy	2 (0.2)	1 (0.1)	1 (0.5)	0.267	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.8)	0.197
Oxygen support
Oxygenation	786 (59.1)	672 (58.9)	114 (59.7)	0.848	426 (54.7)	38 (58.5)	76 (60.3)	0.446
Mechanical ventilation	154 (11.6)	124 (10.9)	30 (15.7)	0.053	68 (8.7)	7 (10.8)	23 (18.3)	0.004
Illness severity
Severe	313 (23.5)	247 (21.7)	66 (34.6)	< 0.001	123 (15.8)	14 (21.5)	52 (41.3)a	< 0.001
Complications
ARDS	86 (6.5)	65 (5.7)	21 (11.0)	0.006	26 (3.3)	2 (3.1)	19 (15.1)	< 0.001
ACI	148 (11.1)	132 (11.6)	16 (8.4)	0.193	77 (9.9)	3 (4.6)	12 (9.5)	0.379
AKI	18 (1.4)	14 (1.2)	4 (2.1)	0.535	6 (0.8)	1 (1.5)	3 (2.4)	0.122
Secondary infection	161 (12.1)	139 (12.2)	22 (11.5)	0.791	76 (9.8)	4 (6.2)	18 (14.3)	0.162
Shock	25 (1.9)	23 (2.0)	2 (1.0)	0.531	9 (1.2)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.6)a	0.706
Hypoproteinemia < 30g/l	99 (7.7)	71 (6.5)	28 (15.0)	< 0.001	38 (5.0)c	11 (16.9)	17 (13.9)	< 0.001
Length of hospital stay, d	17.0 (10.0-24.0)	17.0 (10.0-24.0)	16.0 (10.0-25.0)	0.655	17.0 (11.0-24.0)	19.0 (11.5-27.0)	16.0 (8.0-22.5)	0.109
ICU admission	125 (9.4)	103 (9.0)	22 (11.5)	0.276	57 (7.3)	5 (7.7)	17 (13.5)	0.062
Duration from admission to ICU, d	4.00 (1.00-7.50)	5.00 (1.00-8.00)	3.50 (1.75-5.25)	0.383	4.50 (1.00-8.00)	5.00 (1.50-6.00)	3 (1.50-4.50)	0.733
Prognosis
Death, No	108 (8.1)	82 (7.2)	26 (13.6)	0.003	26 (3.3)	3 (4.6)	23 (18.3)	< 0.001

Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR). P values were calculated by t Test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ² test, Fisher’s exact test, One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test as appropriate.

¹Comparing groups of diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

²Comparing groups of non-comorbidity, only diabetes and diabetes with comorbidities.

Compared with diabetes only group:

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.05.

^cP < 0.001.

ACI: Acute cardiac injury; AKI: Acute kidney injury; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome.