Diabetes patients with comorbidities had unfavorable outcomes following COVID-19: A retrospective study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 1331 coronavirus disease 2019 patients divided into different groups

	Total (n = 1331)	Non-diabetes (n = 1140)	Diabetes (n = 191)	P1 value	Non-comorbidity (n = 779)	Diabetes only (n = 65)	Diabetes with comorbidities (n = 126)	P2 value
Demographic
Male	673 (50.6)	565 (49.6)	108 (56.5)	0.074	369 (47.4)	40 (61.5)	68 (54.0)	0.046
Age, yr	56.0 (42.0-65.0)	54.0 (39.0-64.0)	64.0 (56.0-70.0)	< 0.001	48.0c (36.0-60.0)	57.0 (50.0-64.0)	67.0c (59.0-72.0)	< 0.001
18-49	500(37.6)	477 (41.8)	23 (12.0)	<0.001	415 (53.3)c	16 (24.6)	7 (5.6)c	< 0.001d
50-64	458 (34.4)	382 (33.5)	76 (39.8)		253 (32.5)	34 (52.3)	42 (33.3)
≥ 65	373 (28.0)	281 (24.6)	92 (48.2)		111 (14.2)	15 (23.1)	77 (61.1)
Wuhan exposure	1190 (89.4)	1008 (88.4)	182 (95.3)	0.004	686 (88.3)	61 (95.3)	120 (95.2)	0.018
Current smoking	107 (8.1)	93 (8.2)	14 (7.4)	0.736	55 (7.2)	3 (4.7)	11 (8.9)	0.149
Onset of symptom, d	8.0 (5.0-14.0)	8.0 (5.0-14.0)	10.0 (6.0-13.0)	0.217	8.0 (4.8-14.0)	10.0 (6.5-16.5)	10.0 (5.8-12.0)	0.109
Symptoms
Fever	955 (71.8)	823 (72.2)	132 (69.1)	0.381	570 (73.2)	46 (70.8)	86 (68.3)	0.496
Dyspnea	270 (20.3)	227 (19.9)	43 (22.5)	0.408	135 (17.3)	9 (13.8)	34 (27.0)	0.021
Cough	777 (58.4)	660 (57.9)	117 (61.3)	0.383	433 (55.6)	46 (70.8)	71 (56.7)	0.060
Sputum production	138 (10.4)	126 (11.1)	12 (6.3)	0.045	84 (10.8)	4 (6.2)	8 (6.3)	0.175
Hemoptysis	3 (0.2)	3 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	1.000	1 (0.1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.885
Fatigue	362 (27.2)	306 (26.8)	56 (29.3)	0.476	212 (27.2)	16 (24.6)	40 (31.7)	0.489
Headache	47 (3.5)	44 (3.9)	3 (1.6)	0.169	29 (3.7)	3 (4.6)	0 (0.0)	0.010
Nausea or vomiting	44 (3.3)	39 (3.4)	5 (2.6)	0.566	25 (3.2)	2 (3.1)	3 (2.4)	0.939
Diarrhea	112 (8.4)	97 (8.5)	15 (7.9)	0.763	63 (8.1)	9 (13.8)	6 (4.8)	0.091
Temperature, ℃	36.8 (36.5-37.5)	36.8 (36.5-37.5)	36.7 (36.4-37.4)	0.018	36.8 (36.5-37.5)	36.8 (36.5-37.6)	36.6 (36.4-37.3)	0.018
≥ 39	30 (2.4)	25 (2.3)	5 (2.7)	0.980	16 (2.2)	2 (3.1)	3 (2.4)	0.889
Pulse ≥ 100 beats per min	244 (18.5)	209 (18.5)	35 (18.3)	0.955	125 (16.1)	12 (18.5)	23 (18.30)	0.761
Blood oxygen saturation < 93%	124 (11.1)	92 (9.6)	32 (19.8)	< 0.001	43 (6.5)	7 (12.5)	25 (23.6)	< 0.001
Respiratory rate > 24 breaths/min	71 (5.4)	56 (5.0)	15 (7.9)	0.105	27 (3.5)	2 (3.1)	13 (10.3)	0.002
Mean systolic blood pressure, mmHg	125 (120-135)	124 (119-135)	128 (120-140)	0.001	121 (118-131)	127 (120-133)	130 (120-140)	< 0.001
Mean diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	80.0 (74.0-85.0)	80.0 (74.0-85.0)	80.0 (74.0-85.0)	0.777	80.0 (73.0-83.0)	80.0 (72.5-85.0)	80.0 (74.0-84.3)	0.550
Radiological findings
Ground glass opacity	294 (22.1)	265 (23.2)	29 (15.2)	0.013	195 (25.0)	9 (13.8)	20 (15.9)	0.014
Bilateral patchy shadowing	813 (61.1)	687 (60.3)	126 (66.0)	0.134	62 (8.0)	5 (7.7)	4 (3.2)	0.107
Bilateral lesions	962 (82.1)	805 (80.1)	157 (94.0)	< 0.001	524 (76.2)a	53 (91.4)	104 (95.4)	< 0.001
Comorbidity
Hypertension	350 (26.3)	244 (21.4)	106 (55.5)	< 0.001	-	-	-	-
CHD	59 (4.4)	40 (3.5)	19 (9.9)	< 0.001	-	-	-	-
Chronic liver disease	20 (1.5)	18 (1.6)	2 (1.0)	0.812	-	-	-	-
CVD	39 (2.9)	25 (2.2)	14 (7.3)	< 0.001	-	-	-	-
CKD	26 (2.0)	17 (1.5)	9 (4.7)	0.007	-	-	-	-
COPD	10 (0.8)	10 (0.9)	0 (0.0)	0.397	-	-	-	-

Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR). P values were calculated by t Test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ² test, Fisher's exact test, One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test as appropriate.

¹Comparing groups of diabetes and non-diabetes patients.

²Comparing groups of non-comorbidity, only diabetes and diabetes with comorbidities.

^dMann-Whitney U test comparing all subcategories. Compared with diabetes only group.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.05.

^cP < 0.001.

CHD: Coronary heart disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas; CVD: Cerebrovascular diseasee.