Tale of two kinases: Protein kinase A and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in pre-diabetic cardiomyopathy

Table 3 Alterations in Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in experimental models of pre-diabetes induced by diet

Experimental model	CaMKII alterations	Functional effects	Ref.
Sucrose-fed Sprague-Dawley rats (32% 10 wk)	↑ CaMKII activity (autocamtide phosphorylation)	↓ PLN-Thr17 phosphorylation	Vasanji et al[52]
Fructose-fed Wistar rats (10%, 3 wk)	↑ CaMKII oxidation; ↔ CaMKII expression	↑ RyR2-Ser2814 phosphorylation	Sommese et al[55]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (30%, 4 mo)	↑ CaMKII-Thr287 phosphorylation; ↔ CaMKII expression	↑ RyR2-Ser2814 phosphorylation	Romero-García et al[48]
HFD Long-Evans rats treated with STZ (40% lard, 21 wk)	↔ CaMKII-Thr287 phosphorylation; ↔ CaMKII expression	↔ PLN-Thr17 phosphorylation	Koncsos et al[62]

↔: No change; ↓: Decreased; ↑: Increased; CaMKII: Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; HFD: High-fat diet; PLN: Phospholamban; RyR2: Ryanodine receptor type 2; STZ: Streptozotocin.