Tale of two kinases: Protein kinase A and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in pre-diabetic cardiomyopathy

Table 2 Alterations in protein kinase A in experimental models of pre-diabetes induced by diet

Experimental model	Kinase modification	Functional effects	Ref.
HFD dogs (80% of calories from fat, 5 wk)	ND	↑ RyR2- Ser2809 phosphorylation	Dincer et al[73]
Sucrose-fed Sprague-Dawley rats (32%, 10 wk)	↑ PKA activity (kemptide phosphorylation)	↓ PLN-Ser16 phosphorylation	Vasanji et al[52]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (30%, 35 wk)	↔ expression and activity	↔ PLN-Ser16 phosphorylation; ↓ RyR2- Ser2808 phosphorylation	Paulino et al[65]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (32%, 16 wk)	↑ PKA activity (Thr198 phosphorylation)	↑ RyR2- Ser2808 phosphorylation; ↓ PLN-Ser16 phosphorylation	Okatan et al[28]
Fructose-fed Wistar rats(10%, 3 wk)	ND	↔ RyR2- Ser2808 phosphorylation	Sommese et al[55]
HFD Long-Evans rats treated with STZ (40% lard, 21 wk)	ND	↔ PLN-Ser16 phosphorylation	Koncsos et al[62]
HFD C57bl/6 mice (60% of calories from fat, 8 wk)	ND	↔ RyR2- Ser2808 phosphorylation; ↔ PLN-Ser16 phosphorylation	Sánchez et al[63]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (30%, 24 wk)	ND	↔ RyR2- Ser2808 phosphorylation; ↔ PLN-Ser16 phosphorylation	Fernández-Miranda et al[70]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (30%, 4 mo)	ND	↔ RyR2- Ser2808 phosphorylation; ↔ PLN-Ser16 phosphorylation	Romero-García et al[48]
HFD C57bl/6N mice (45% of total calories from fat, 8 wk)	ND	↔ PLN-Ser16 phosphorylation	Llano-Diez et al[79]

↔: No change; ↓: Decreased; ↑: Increased; ND: Not determined; HFD: High-fat diet; PKA: Protein kinase A; PLN: Phospholamban; RyR2: Ryanodine receptor type 2; STZ: Streptozotocin.