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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2021; 12(10): 1704-1718
Published online Oct 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1704
Table 1 Characteristics of experimental models of pre-diabetic cardiomyopathy
Animal model
MetS parameters
Cardiovascular dysfunction
Ref.
BW
BP
BG
IR
TG
HDL-C
Dogs
HFD dogs (80% of calories from fat, 5 wk)+NDND↑ Heart rate; ↓ Myocardial oxygen delivery and metabolism; ↓ Cardiac index after exercising. ↑ Aortic pressureSetty et al[51] and Dincer et al[73]
Rats
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (68%, 7-10 wk)ND+NDND↓ FS; + Systolic dysfunctionDutta et al[68]
Sucrose-fed Sprague-Dawley rats (68%, 7-10 wk)ND+NDND↔ Heart hypertrophy; ↓ FS; + Systolic dysfunctionHintz et al[67], and Hintz and Ren[72]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (30%, 17-24 wk)ND+↔/↑ Heart rate; ↓ Ventricular pressure; ↑ Arrhythmia incidence after reperfusionLópez-Acosta et al[56], and Carvajal and Baños[60]
Sucrose-fed Sprague-Dawley rats (32%, 10 wk)ND+ND↔ Heart hypertrophy; ↓ FS and EF; ↑ Septum dimensionVasanji et al[52]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (30%, 24 wk)ND↔ Heart hypertrophy; + Systolic dysfunction; ↓ Cardiac cell contractionBarrera-Lechuga et al[53] and Fernández-Miranda et al[70]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (30%, 35 wk)NDNDNDND↔ Heart rate; ↔ Heart hypertrophy; ↓ FSPaulino et al[65]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (30%, 16-18 wk)+ND+ Systolic dysfunctionBalderas-Villalobos et al[69]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (20%, 8 wk)ND+↓ Heart rate; ↑ SAN rate variability; ↑ SAN fat depositsAlbarado-Ibañez et al[54]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (32%, 16 wk)+ND↑ Heart rate; ↑ Heart hypertrophy; ↓ Heart contractility; ↑ Cardiomyocyte lipid deposits; ↑ Aortic pressureOkatan et al[27,28]
Fructose-fed Wistar rats (10%, 3 wk)+↓ Heart rate; ↑ Heart hypertrophy; ↓ FS; ↓ Heart contractility; + Systolic dysfunction; + Diastolic dysfunction; + LV hypertrophy; ↑ Arrhythmia incidenceSommese et al[55]
HFD Long-Evans rats treated with STZ (40% lard, 21 wk)+↔ Heart rate; ↔ Heart hypertrophy; ↔ FS; ↑ Lipid in the myocardium; + Diastolic dysfunctionKoncsos et al[62]
Sucrose-fed Wistar rats (30%, 4 mo)ND+↑ Heart rate; ↔ Heart hypertrophy; + Diastolic dysfunction; ↑ Arrhythmia incidenceRomero-García et al[48] and Landa-Galvan et al[57]
Mice
Fructose-fed C57bl/6 mice (10%, 3 wk)+NDND↓ FS; + LV hypertrophy; + Systolic dysfunctionFederico et al[71]
HFD C57bl/6 mice (60% of calories from fat, 8 wk)NDNDND↑ Heart rate; ↔ FS; ↑ Arrhythmia incidenceSánchez et al[63]
HFD FVB-mice (45% of calories from fat, 5 mo)ND+NDND↔ Heart rate; ↑ Heart hypertrophy; ↓ FS; + Systolic dysfunctionDong et al[66]