Diabetes and cancer: Epidemiological and biological links

Table 1 Non-exhaustive summary of representative association studies between diabetes and various types of cancers in the past 5 years (2015-2019)

Cancer	Ref.	Design	Findings
Pancreatic Cancer	Setiawan et al[15], 2019	Cohort study	Positive association between diabetes and pancreatic cancer
	Chen et al[89], 2017	Cohort study
	Pang et al[14], 2017	Meta-analysis of 22 cohort studies
	Tan et al[90], 2017	Systematic review and meta-analysis
	Dankner et al[91], 2016	Cohort study
	Song et al[92], 2015	Meta-analysis
	Ogunleye et al[93], 2009	Cohort study
	Gupta et al[16], 2006	Cohort study
Liver cancer	Li et al[94], 2017	Case-control study	Increased risk of liver cancer in diabetes
	Wang et al[95], 2017	Meta‐analysis
	Chen et al[96], 2015	Meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies
	El-Serag et al[23], 2006	Systematic review
	Wang et al[22], 2014	Systematic review and meta-analysis	Diabetes is independently associated with a poorer survival in HCC patients
	Lai et al[20], 2006	Cohort study	Diabetes increases risk of HCC in HCV negative individuals
Colorectal cancer	Zhu et al[97], 2017	Meta-analysis	Positive correlation of diabetes with colorectal cancer
	Guraya et al[98], 2015	Meta-analysis of 8 cohort studies
	Larsson et al[28], 2005	Cohort study
	Amshoff et al[25], 2018	Cohort study	Pre-existing T2DM has no influence on disease-specific and all-cause survival among CRC patients
	Jacobs et al[29], 2016	Cohort study	The aMED score is related to lower mortality only in African-American women
	Campbell et al[27], 2010	Cohort study	Modest association between T2DM and CRC among men, but not among women
Breast cancer	Luo et al[35], 2015	Cohort study	Pre-existing diabetes increases the risk of total mortality among women with breast cancer
	Lipscombe et al[34], 2015	Cross-sectional study	Diabetes may predispose to more aggressive breast cancer
	Alokail et al[32], 2009	Cohort study
	Boyle et al[31], 2012	Meta-analysis	Risk of breast cancer is increased by 27% in diabetic women
Endometrial cancer	Saed et al[99], 2019	Systematic review and meta-analysis	Diabetes increases the risk of endometrial cancer in women
	Saltzman et al[39], 2008	Systematic review of case-control study
	Lindemann et al[37], 2015	Cohort study	Diabetes, but not BMI, is associated with an increased risk of all-cause death and death from EC
Bladder cancer	Xu et al[45], 2017	Meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies and case–control studies	Diabetes increases the risk of bladder cancer
	Turati et al[43], 2015	Case–control study
	Zhu et al[42], 2013	Meta-analysis of 36 observational studies
	Prizment et al[44], 2013	Cohort study	Positive association between diabetes and bladder cancer risk among White post-menopausal women
Prostate cancer	Häggström et al[55], 2018	Cohort study	An inverse association between diabetes and prostate cancer
	Lee et al[54], 2016	Meta‐analysis
	Dankner et al[52], 2016	Cohort study
	Khan et al[100], 2016	Cross-sectional, case-only study
	Fall et al[101], 2013	Case-control study

BMI: Body mass index; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; CRC: Colorectal cancer; EC: Endometrial cancer.