Prevalence and interrelationships of foot ulcer, risk-factors and antibiotic resistance in foot ulcers in diabetic populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Objective of the study, findings and outcome data

Ref.	Methodology/Approach	Findings	Outcome
Quilici et al[21]	Cross-sectional study	Prevalence of amputation was 42% due to the previous use of antimicrobials. Risk of amputation was 26% for patients who had less compliant with the diabetes treatment	Highlight factors for the management patients with diabetic foot infection
Commons et al[26]	Prospective study was conducted among patients with diabetic foot infections, enrolled in Royal Darwin Hospital, were selected. The relation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was also determined	P. aeruginosa and Methicillin resistant S. aureus infections were cured by long-term courses of antibiotics and increased hospital stay	Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer is directly and significantly related to the best bed days
Barwell et al[28]	A literature review was conducted	Antibiotic and antimicrobial resistance of Gram positive organisms occurred as a main challenge in the treatment of diabetic foot infection	Provides guideline as empirical evidence to support clinicians
Roth-Albin et al[24]	Retrospective cohort study	35 out of 40 patients were healed in 52 weeks. 7.1% underwent amputation and 8.9% died before receiving any kind of treatment	Healing rates significantly improved by proper and continued care
Fitzgerald et al[30]	Retrospective exploratory study	Diabetes and Cardiovascular disease/peripheral-vascular disease was identified in 2 and 6 patients, respectively. 28 patients had foot ulcers and RA. Inflicted patients were treated with antirheumatic drugs and steroids	Inaccurate diagnosis of ulcer infection leads to failure of microbiological analysis
Kathirvel et al[22]	150 patients’ clinical examination, clinical history and microbiological profile were prospectively examined	99 patients were isolated from MDRO. MDRO risk factors include; previous antibiotic usage, retinopathy, polymicrobial culture, presence of ulcer, antibiotic usage, ulcer size, history of amputation, peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, and necrotic ulcer	MDRO prevalence was high among diabetic patients with foot ulcers
Xie et al[16]	Retrospective study was conducted using 207 bacteria from diabetic foot infections. Microbial and clinical information was also collected	Gram negative bacteria were found to be more as compared to gram positive bacteria with, Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae to be the most dominant	The antibiotic sensitivity and bacterial profile of diabetic foot ulcers varied with their types and grades
Dwedar et al[41]	80 patients with diabetic foot infections were prospectively studied	Gram negative bacteria were more common. Vancomycin was found to be the best against gram-positive bacteria; whereas, colistin, imipenem and amikacin were effective against gram-negative bacteria	Knowledge regarding antibiotic sensitivity is required for future treatment of diabetic foot ulcers
Abbas et al[45]	Non-systematic research	Antibiotic therapy is necessary for several clinically infected wounds	Antibiotic therapies should be used for treatment
Oliveira et al[46]	Descriptive, retrospective and epidemiological study was used	65% of cases suffered amputations. Staphylococci was the most common bacteria type. Three patients were found to be enterobacteria and second was, Staphylococci	Clindamycin and cephalexin were most resistant to bacteria

Infectious Diseases Society of America is a medical association which represents healthcare professional who are expert in treating infectious diseases. Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disabling infection. It causes pain, swelling and inflammation in joints and other body organs. Multi-drug resistant organisms bacteria that is resistance to various antibiotics. IDSA: Infectious Diseases Society of America; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; MDRO: Multi-drug resistant organisms.