Prevalence and interrelationships of foot ulcer, risk-factors and antibiotic resistance in foot ulcers in diabetic populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Study type	Male: Female ratio	Type 2 diabetes mellitus/Type 1 diabetes	Duration of Diabetes	HbA1c%	Ulcer description	Follow-up months
Quilici et al[21]	Cross-sectional study	68 males and 32 females	T2DM	22% had for less than five yr; 24% had from 5-10 yr; 17% had from 10-15 yr; 16% had from 15-20 yr; 21% had for >20 yr	-	75% patients had Grade 4 ulcers; 20% had Grade 3 ulcers; 5% had Grade 2 ulcers	-
Commons et al[26]	Prospective study	60% male and 40% females	All patients had T1DM, except of 7 patients	-	Median value was 8.8%	Diabetic patients with ulcers or foot infections were referred	14 mo
Barwell et al[28]	Combination of literature review	-	T1DM and T2DM	-	-	Standardized using validated classifications schemes such as the University of Texas rating, SINBAD or IWGDF PEDIS	-
Roth-Albin et al[24]	Retrospective cohort study	67.9% were males	-	-	-	Ulcer sizes > 1 cm2	52 wk
Fitzgerald et al[30]	Retrospective study	4:4	-	Average disease duration 22 yr	-	Active foot-ulcer with a wound swab taken	15 mo
Kathirvel et al[22]	Retrospective study	74.6% males and 25.33% females	T2DM	< 5 yr - 40%; 5-10 yr - 34%; 10-15 yr - 17%; 15-20 yr - 7.3%; > 20 yr - 1.3%	6%-7%	Categorized into necrotic/non-necrotic; ulcers based on signs of infection	-
Xie et al[16]	Hospital-based retrospect study	230 males and 158 females	T2DM	-	-	Severity of ulcer was assessed by Wagner-Meggit classification system	-
Dwedar et al[41]	Observational prospective study	48 males (57%) and 32 females (43%)	-	5-32 yr	-	Graded according to Wagner’s grade	-
Abbas et al[45]	Literature review	-	T2DM	-	-	Classified on the basis of wound debridement, pressure off-loading, glycemic control, surgical interventions, and occasionally other adjunctive measures	-
Oliveira et al[46]	Epidemiological, retrospective and descriptive study	27 males and 30 females	-	-	-	Infected ulceration was associated with germs present in the community	-

International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot provides guideline for preventing and managing diabetic foot disease. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic medical condition, which occurs when the cell of the body resist effect of insulin for driving glucose to the blood cells. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a condition when pancreas produce low or lack of insulin as required by the body. IWGDF: International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c.