Empagliflozin alleviates podocytopathy and enhances glomerular nephrin expression in db/db diabetic mice

Table 4 Renal structural parameters in db/+ and db/db mice

Parameter	Group
	Non-diabetic db/+ mice (n = 9)	Diabetic db/db mice
		Vehicle (n = 10)	EMPA (n = 9)
Mesangium, fractional volume (%)	14.4 (9.8–18.5)	38.6 (34.5–42.7)a	25.5 (20.4–35.8)d
Capillaries, fractional volume (%)	31.3 (28.9–38.7)	34.6 (30.9–36.1)	33.3 (29.5–37.0)
GBM, mean width (nm)	135 (116–157)	163 (135–203)a	139 (116–225)b
Podocyte FPs, mean width (nm)	220 (191–242)	372 (299–426)a	203 (162–317)c
Podocyte FPs (NA, nm–1)	3.39 (3.00–3.79)	2.73 (1.92–3.51)a	3.31 (2.32–4.18)b

^aP < 0.01 vs non-diabetic control (db/+ mice, Mann-Whitney U-test).

^bP < 0.05 vs non-diabetic control (db/+ mice, Mann-Whitney U-test).

^cP < 0.01 vs non-diabetic control (db/+ mice, Mann-Whitney U-test).

^dP < 0.001 vs placebo (Mann-Whitney U-test). Data are presented as medians (min–max values). GBM: Glomerular basement membrane; FPs: Foot processes; EMPA: Empagliflozin.