Empagliflozin alleviates podocytopathy and enhances glomerular nephrin expression in db/db diabetic mice

Table 3 Plasma levels of leptin and insulin in db/+ and db/db mice

Hormone	Age in wk	Group
		Non-diabetic db/+ mice (n = 9)	Diabetic db/db mice
			Vehicle (n = 10)	EMPA (n = 9)
Leptin (ng/mL)	8	3.3 (1.4–6.54)	97.1 (53.2–114.4)b	93.4 (80.8–133.1)b
	16	3.8 (1.5–6.3)	90.0 (21.2–151.4)b	136.4 (53.0–171.2)b,c,d
Insulin (ng/mL)	8	5.6 (3.4–18.0)	25.6 (11.5–45.2)b	21.2 (10.8–40.8)b
	16	10.0 (2.1–22.2)	22.1 (9.8–33.2)a	20.8 (6.0–56.7)a
Glucagon (ng/mL)	8	370 (250–2670)	660 (190–2760)	450 (290–2180)
	16	370 (150–2120)	605 (260–2960)	390 (240–860)

^aP < 0.01 vs non-diabetic control (db/+ mice, Mann-Whitney U-test).

^bP < 0.001 vs non-diabetic control (db/+ mice, Mann-Whitney U-test).

^cP < 0.05 vs placebo (Mann-Whitney U-test).

^dP < 0.05 vs wk 8 (Wilcoxon test). Data are presented as medians (min–max values). EMPA: Empagliflozin.