Empagliflozin alleviates podocytopathy and enhances glomerular nephrin expression in db/db diabetic mice

Table 2 Plasma biochemistry in db/+ and db/db mice

Parameter	Age in wk	Group
		Non-diabetic db/+ mice (n = 9)	Diabetic db/db mice
			Vehicle (n = 10)	EMPA (n = 9)
Glucose (mmoL/L)	8	9.50 (5.10–11.4)	28.5 (16.8–40.1)b	23.1 (15.3–35.4)b
	12	9.20 (6.10–9.50)	30.4 (22.7–48.0)b	16.3 (13.6–20.7)b,d,e
	16	9.50 (8.50–12.2)	32.7 (22.5–53.1)b	16.1 (9.9–23.6)b,d,e
Fructosamine (µmoL/L)	8	237 (217–249)	456 (424–511)b	480 (425–579)b
	16	239 (222–296)	622 (524–672)b,f	468 (341–491)b,c,e
Glycated albumin (µmoL/L)	8	107 (103–127)	227 (206–239)b	235 (217–261)b
	16	117 (109–133)	283 (252–349)b,f	210 (166–245)b,c,e
Total cholesterol (mmoL/L)	8	2.76 (1.80–3.96)	2.72 (1.48–4.86)	2.76 (1.60–4.05)
	16	2.37 (1.98–2.97)	3.57 (1.68–4.86)e	4.05 (2.10–5.22)e
HDL-cholesterol (mmoL/L)	8	1.17 (0.50–1.62)	1.20 (0.51–2.01)	1.40 (0.93–1.89)
	16	1.26 (0.45–1.80)	1.50 (0.48–2.19)	2.31 (1.05–2.88)e
LDL-cholesterol (mmoL/L)	8	1.32 (0.81–2.10)	1.02 (0.84–2.72)	1.07 (0.84–2.60)
	16	0.81(0.75–1.11)f	0.81 (0.72–1.14)	1.05 (0.60–1.41)
Triglycerides (mmoL/L)	8	1.74 (0.90–2.70)	1.14 (0.51–2.30)	1.25 (0.87–2.30)
	16	1.35 (0.81–2.58)	1.79 (1.17–3.54)e	1.77 (1.29–3.87)e
Creatinine (µmoL/L)	8	67.0 (47.0–78.0)	76.4 (70.2–84.2)	70.5 (54.0–82.2)
	12	68.6 (48.5–74.5)	76.5 (64.5–100.5)a	74.7 (46.2–85.8)a
	16	61.8 (54.0–71.7)	75.6 (63.9–89.4)a	81.3 (55.8–91.2)a
Uric acid (µmoL/L)	8	273 (104–420)	173 (143–341)	281 (165–507)
	16	235 (159–271)	170 (143–187)	204 (179-242)

^aP < 0.01 vs non-diabetic control (db/+ mice, Mann-Whitney U-test).

^bP < 0.001 vs non-diabetic control (db/+ mice, Mann-Whitney U-test).

^cP < 0.01 vs placebo db/db group (Mann-Whitney U-test).

^dP < 0.001 vs placebo db/db group (Mann-Whitney U-test).

^eP < 0.05 vs placebo db/db group (Mann-Whitney U-test).

^fP < 0.01 compared with wk 8 (Wilcoxon test). Data are presented as medians (min–max values). EMPA: Empagliflozin.