Current understandings of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: Genetics to environment

Table 4 Environmental risk and protective factors of type 1 diabetes

Risk factor	Protective factors
Group B Coxsackieviruses[42,44,45]	Longer breastfeeding duration[78-80]
Early introduction of cow’s milk duration[76,77]	Vitamin D intake supplements[68,69]
Early cereal introduction[72,87]	Polyunsaturated fatty acids[89,90]
High latitudes[18,31]	Intestinal microbiome[36-38]
Cold seasons[55-57]	Multiple living siblings[35]
Acceleated linear growth and weight gain[32-34]
White ethnicity[35]
Maternal age > 35 yr[35]