Current understandings of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: Genetics to environment

doi:10.4239/wjd.v11.i1.13

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2020; 11(1): 13-25
Published online Jan 15, 2020. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i1.13

Table 1 Genetic risk and protective factors of type 1 diabetes¹

Risk factors[16,17]	Protective factors[18,19]
HLA DR3/DQ2	DRB1*15:01
HLA-DR4/DQ8	DQA1*01:02
HLA-A*02:01	DQB1*06:02
Increased PTPN22 activity	Rare variant of IFIH1
INS polymorphisms
IL2RA variants
Increased expression of common variant IFIH1
1^st degree relative with T1D

¹These genetic factors represent more prevalent risk factors associated with type 1 diabetes and is not all inclusive. PTPN22: Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22; INS: Insulin gene; IL2RA: Interluekin-2 receptor alpha; IFIH1: Interferon-induced with helicase C domain 1; T1D: Type 1 diabetes.

Citation: Giwa AM, Ahmed R, Omidian Z, Majety N, Karakus KE, Omer SM, Donner T, Hamad ARA. Current understandings of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: Genetics to environment. World J Diabetes 2020; 11(1): 13-25
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v11/i1/13.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v11.i1.13