Diabetes empowerment scores among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and its correlated factors: A cross-sectional study in a primary care setting in Malaysia

Table 4 The correlation between sociodemographic factors with total diabetes empowerment scores and subscales among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Variables	Total diabetes empowerment score			Managing the psychosocial aspect of diabetes			Assessing dissatisfaction and readiness to change			Setting and achieving diabetes goal
	Coefficient correlation	Median rank	P value	Coefficient correlation	Median rank	P value	Coefficient correlation	Median rank	P value	Coefficient correlation	Median rank	P value
Age1	0.05		0.37	0.095		0.087	0.089		0.111	-0.06		0.919
Gender2			0.629			0.692			0.173			0.528
Male		159.4			163.18			155.6			158.79
Female		164.49			159.11			169.89			165.35
Ethnicity2			0.56			0.2			0.757			0.332
Malay		162.38			163.38			161.04			162.94
Non-Malay		151.06			139.14			167			144.42
Education level2			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001
Below Secondary		109.36			106.86			110.49			105.69
Above Secondary		168.06			168.38			167.92			168.52
Marital Status2			0.478			0.119			0.346			0.564
Single		148.82			134.28			144.74			151.34
Married		162.57			163.79			162.91			162.36
Smoking status2			0.18			0.704			0.008			0.105
Non-smoker		166.42			162.87			171.18			167.38
Smoker		151.75			158.79			142.32			149.85

¹Indicates Spearman’s test was used.

²Indicates Mann Whitney test was used.