Insulin resistance is associated with subclinical vascular disease in humans

Table 3 Studies that find an independent association between insulin resistance and subclinical vascular calcification or increased intima-media thickness of the arterial wall unexplained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors

Ref.	Population group	Insulin resistance	Vascular disease
Laakso et al[56]	Healthy subjects	Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp	Increased carotid IMT
Agewall et al[57]	Healthy men	Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp	Increased carotid wall thickness
Howard et al[58]	Healthy Caucasians	Frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test	Increased carotid IMT
Bertoni et al[59]	Multiethnic healthy subjects	HOMA-IR	Increased carotid IMT, elevated coronary calcium
Rajala et al[60]	Healthy subjects	Insulin sensitivity check index	Increased carotid IMT
Iannuzzi et al[39]	Obese children	HOMA-IR	Increased carotid IMT
Ryder et al[61]	Healthy children	Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp	Increased carotid IMT
Arad et al[62]	Healthy subjects	HOMA-IR	Elevated coronary calcium score
Ong et al[63]	Healthy subjects	HOMA-IR	Elevated coronary calcium score
Meigs et al[64]	Healthy subjects	Glucose tolerance tests	Coronary artery calcification
Dabelea et al[65]	Healthy and type 1 diabetes children	Glucose disposal rate	Coronary artery calcification
Reilly et al[66]	Family history of cardiovascular disease	HOMA-IR	Coronary artery calcification
Qasim et al[67]	Family history of cardiovascular disease	HOMA-IR	Coronary artery calcification
Young et al[68]	Patients with coronary artery disease	Glucose tolerance test	Coronary artery calcification
Shinozaki et al[69]	Family history of cardiovascular disease	Glucose tolerance test	Coronary artery calcification

HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; IMT: Intima-media thickness.