Insulin resistance is associated with subclinical vascular disease in humans

Table 2 Studies that find an independent association between the clinical expression of insulin resistance and subclinical arterial stiffness unexplained by classic cardiovascular risk factors

Ref.	Population group	Insulin resistance	Arterial stiffness
Mackey et al[28]	Elderly	Metabolic syndrome	Aortic pulse-wave velocity
Salomaa et al[6]	General population	Metabolic syndrome	Arterial compliance, Young’s elastic modulus
		Hyperinsulinemia
Scuteri et al[41]	Healthy subjects	Metabolic syndrome	Carotid artery stiffness
Van-Popele et al[9]	Women	Metabolic syndrome	Carotid artery stiffness
		Obesity
		Dyslipemia
Tomiyama et al[29]	Healthy subjects	Metabolic syndrome	Brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity
		Systolic hypertension
Maple-Brown et al[4]	Indigenous versus European Australians	Metabolic syndrome	Augmentation index, pulse-wave velocity
Whincup et al[11]	British children	Metabolic syndrome	Brachial artery distensibility
		Obesity
		Hyperinsulinemia
Xi et al[37]	Chinese children	Metabolic syndrome	Brachial artery distensibility
Ianuzzi et al[42]	Obese children	Metabolic syndrome	Carotid artery stiffness
Hopkins et al[43]	Relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes	Metabolic syndrome	Aortic pulse-wave velocity
Juonala et al[44]	Children	Metabolic syndrome	Carotid artery stiffness
		Hyperinsulinemia
Zebekakis et al[45]	General population	Obesity	Carotid, femoral, and brachial arteries stiffness
Maple-Brown et al[46]	Indigenous versus European Australians	Obesity	Augmentation index
Greenfield et al[47]	Female twins	Abdominal obesity	Augmentation index
Sakuragi et al[35]	Children	Obesity	Brachial artery distensibility
		Dyslipemia
		Hyperinsulinemia
Gungor et al[38]	Adolescents and young adults	Obesity	Aortic pulse-wave velocity
Jourdan et al[47]		Dyslipemia
Urbina et al[49]
Kappus et al[50]
Wildman et al[51]	Young and older adults	Obesity	Aortic pulse-wave velocity
Iannuzzi et al[39]		Systolic hypertension	Aortic pulse-wave velocity
Kasayama et al[33]		Dyslipemia
Ceceija et al[12]		Hyperinsulinemia
Urbina et al[52]		Triglyceride/HDL-c	Aortic pulse-wave velocity