Pharmacological effects of lipid-lowering drugs on circulating adipokines

Table 1 Effects of statins on circulating adipokines

Subjects	Treatment	Effects on circulating adipokines	Ref.
Male New Zealand rabbits with hypercholesterolemia	6 wk of 2.5 mg/kg per day atorvastatin	Leptin decreased by 38% from 8.9 ± 2.3 to 5.5 ± 2.8 μg/mL (P < 0.05)	[20]
Humans with T2DMa	8 wk of 40 mg/d atorvastatin	HMW increased by 42.3% while MMW and LMW decreased by 21% and 23% respectively. Total adiponectin did not change. (2009 article) Leptin decreased by 40% from 20.7 ± 2.3 to 12.5 ± 1.1 ng/mL. Resistin decreased by 20% from 3.5 ± 0.4 to 2.9 ± 0.4 μg/mL	[95]
Healthy humans	12 wk of pravastatin (40 mg/d)	No changes in adiponectin or leptin	[21]
Humans with hypercholesterolemia	4 mo of pravastatin or atorvastatin (10 mg/d)	Adiponectin increased from 10.7 ± 4.7 to 11.0 ± 5.1 μg/mL in response to atorvastatin (P < 0.05). No change in leptin or resistin. Atorvastatin reduced TNF-α from 2.0 ± 1.0 to 1.7 ± 0.6 (P < 0.05)	[22]
Humans with hyperlipidemia	6 mo of simvastatin (10 mg/d) or pitavastatin (2 mg/d)	Adiponectin increased in response to pitavastatin but not in response to simvastatin	[74]
Humans with increased cardiovascular risk	12 wk of 10-80 mg/d atorvastatin	Adiponectin increased by 10% with maximal increase (25%) observed at 80 mg/d (P < 0.05)	[75]
Humans with hypercholesterolemia and CADb	6 mo of 10-20 mg/d pravastatin	Adiponectin increased by 16.8% from 7.2 to 7.8 μg/mL (P < 0.001)	[76]
Humans with hypercholesterolemia and ischemic heart disease	3 mo of 10 mg/d atorvastatin	Adiponectin increased from 9.7 ± 7.4 to 13.9 ± 9.98 μg/mL (P < 0.005)	[77]
C57BL/6J mice	0-15 wk of 0.06% of diet as pravastatin	Adiponectin increased (P < 0.01)	[78]
Men with hypercholesterolemia	1 year of 40 mg/d pravastatin	Adiponectin increased by 1.47 ± 0.33 μg/mL (P < 0.05)	[78]
Humans with CADb and IGTc	6 mo of 20 mg/d pravastatin	Adiponectin increased by 35% from 5.2 to 6.1 μg/mL (P < 0.001)	[79]
Humans with stable CADb, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia	6 mo of 10 mg/d atorvastatin	Adiponectin increased by 4 wk (P < 0.05), with further increases by 6 mo (P < 0.01). Atorvastatin decreased TNF-α (P < 0.01)	[80]
Humans with MetS	40 mg/d simvastatin for 8 wk	No change in adiponectin	[81]
Humans at cardiovascular risk	3 mo of 40 mg simvastatin	Adiponectin decreased from 15.5 ± 12.7 to 11.6 ± 7.0 μg/mL (P < 0.05)	[82]
Nondiabetic humans with increased cardiovascular risk	3 mo of simvastatin (40 mg/d)	Adiponectin decreased. No change in RBP4	[83]
Humans with hypercholesterolemia	2 mo of 10-80 mg/d simvastatin	Adiponectin decreased with maximal decrease (10%) observed at 80 mg/d (P < 0.05)	[84]
Humans with hypercholesterolemia	2 mo of simvastatin (20 mg/d) or pravastatin (40 mg/d)	Simvastatin decreased adiponectin (5.8 ± 0.8 to 5.2 ± 0.6 μg/mL); pravastatin increased adiponectin (5.6 ± 0.6 to 6.1 ± 0.6 μg/mL)	[85]
Humans with hypercholesterolemia on fluvastatin plus TLCe and 19 humans with normal cholesterol on TLC alone	12 wk of 80 mg/d fluvastatin plus TLC (n = 24) or 12 wk of TLC alone (n = 19)	Adiponectin increased from 5.3 ± 1.5 to 6.2 ± 2.2 μg/mL in response to TLC (P < 0.05), but was unchanged in response to fluvastatin	[91]
Humans with T2DMa and mixed hyperlipoproteinemia	6 wk of 10 mg/d atorvastatin	No change in adiponectin or resistin	[92]
Kidney transplant recipients	12 wk of atorvastatin (10 mg/d)	No change in adiponectin or TNF-α	[93]
Humans with T2DM or at high risk for T2DM	12 wk of atorvastatin (20 mg/d)	No effect on adiponectin, resistin or TNF-α	[94]
Humans with T2DMa	6 mo of 10 mg/d atorvastatin	Resistin tended to decrease, although not significant (P = 0.11)	[131]

^aType 2 diabetes mellitus;

^bCoronary artery disease;

^cImpaired glucose tolerance; ^dLipopolysaccharide;

^eTherapeutic lifestyle changes. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis-factor-α; RBP4: Retinol binding protein 4; HMW: High-molecular weight; LMW: Low-molecular weight; MMW: Middle-molecular weight; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes; Ref: Reference.