Detecting circulating tumor material and digital pathology imaging during pancreatic cancer progression

Table 2 Clinical uses for biomarker panels that increase predictive value of CA 19-9 for pancreatic cancer

	CA 19-9	Sensitivity	Specificity	Ref.
Screening in	EUS-FNA	75%-94%	78%-95%	[42]
population	CA 19-91	60%-70%	70%-85%	[45,46]
Differential	CA 19-9	60%	83%	[44]
diagnosis	CA 19-9 + CA 125	87%	77%	[44]
	CA 19-9 + ICAM-1 + OPG	78%	94%	[49]
	CA 19-9 + CEA + TIMP-1	71%	89%	[49]
Staging	PAM4-reactive mucins	76%	85%	[51]
	CA 19-9 + PAM4-reactive mucins	84%	82%	[51]
Monitor treatment	Response to chemotherapy			[47]
Monitor recurrence	Low levels post-surgery correlate with survival			[45]

¹Values reflect subjects presented with pancreatobilliary disease. EUS-FNA: Endoscopic ultrasound and fine needle aspiration; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; TIMP-1: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1; clivatuzumab monoclonal antibody (PAM4) to MUC5AC.