Opioid-sparing effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on surgical outcomes after open colorectal surgery within an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol

Table 4 Gastrointestinal recovery, complication and hospital stay

	Patients with selective COX-2 inhibitor (n = 75)	Patients without selective COX-2 inhibitor (n = 75)	P-value
Time to tolerate solid diet (d)	1 (1-2)	2 (2-3)	< 0.0011
Time to defecate (d)	2 (2-3)	3 (3-4)	< 0.0011
Overall complication	9 (11)	17 (23)	0.08
Grade I	4	7
Grade II	5	7
Grade III	0	2
Grade IV	0	1
Prolonged postoperative ileus	4 (5)	6 (8)	0.75
Postoperative stay (d)
Median (IQR)	4 (3-5)	5 (4-6)	< 0.0011
Mean (SD)	4.3 (3.0)	5.3 (2.5)	0.0231
Readmission within 30 d	3 (4)	1 (1)	0.62

¹P < 0.05. If a patient had more than one complication, the highest Clavien-Dindo grade was reported. COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2.