Opioid-sparing effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on surgical outcomes after open colorectal surgery within an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol

Table 3 Postoperative pain score and intravenous opioid requirement

	Patients with selective COX-2 inhibitor (n = 75)	Patients without selective COX-2 inhibitor (n = 75)	P-value
Pain POD1	1.5 (0.7-2.1)	1.5 (0.5-2.7)	0.78
Pain POD2	0.7 (0-2.0)	0.6 (0-1.5)	0.74
Pain POD3	0.5 (0-1.5)	0.5 (0-1.7)	0.38
MME POD1	6 (2-12)	13 (6-20)	< 0.0011
MME POD2	3 (0-17)	20 (4-20)	< 0.0011
MME POD3	0 (0-0)	5 (0-15)	< 0.0011
MME/KG POD1	0.09 (0.03-0.23)	0.22 (0.11-0.42)	< 0.0011
MME/KG POD2	0.06 (0-0.28)	0.25 (0.07-0.37)	< 0.0011
MME/KG POD3	0 (0-0)	0.07 (0-0.25)	< 0.0011

¹P < 0.05. COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; MME: Morphine milligram equivalent; MME/KG: Morphine milligram equivalent per kilogram body weight; POD: Postoperative day.