Role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer: Updates

Figure 3 Schematic representation of multiple pathways of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis involved type IV secretion system and internalization of virulence determinants like CagA and oncoproteins; CagA-phosphorylation dependent and CagA-phosphorylation independent pathways leads to cytoskeletal reorganization, increase proinflammatory and mitogenic gene expression. Another major virulent factor, VacA is responsible for alteration of junction and cell polarity by binding with tight junction molecules such as E-cadherin, ZO. VacA also causes mitochondrial membranes depolarization, Cytc release from mitochondria to cytosol and caspase-3 activation followed by cell apoptosis. T4SS: Type IV secretion system; VacA: Vacuolating cytotoxin; ZO: Zonaoccludans; Cytc: Cytochrome; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.