Molecular approach to genetic and epigenetic pathogenesis of early-onset colorectal cancer

Table 3 Genetic and epigenetic alterations of familial adenomatous polyposis patients besides adenomatous polyposis coli

		Alteration	Ref.
Gene
	GNAS	Mutation	Hashimoto et al[75]
	MYC	Gene activation	Obrador-Hevia et al[79]
	AXIN2	Gene activation	Obrador-Hevia et al[79]
	SFRP1	Gene activation	Obrador-Hevia et al[79]
	GSTT1	Polymorphism	Lamberti et al[74]
	MGMT	Methylation	Wynter et al[86]
	p14ARF	Methylation	Wynter et al[86]
	p16INK4	Methylation	Wynter et al[86]
	IGSF4	Methylation	Berkhout et al[85]
	TIMP3	Methylation	Berkhout et al[85]
	ESR1	Methylation	Berkhout et al[85]
	CDH13	Methylation	Berkhout et al[85]
miRNA
	miR-143	Down regulation	Kamatani et al[87]
	miR-145	Down regulation	Kamatani et al[87]
	miR-126	Down regulation	Yamaguchi et al[88]
	miR-20b	Down regulation	Yamaguchi et al[88]