Molecular approach to genetic and epigenetic pathogenesis of early-onset colorectal cancer

Table 2 Molecular characterization of familial colorectal cancer type X patients

Molecular features		Ref.
Germline MMR gene mutations	-	Lindor et al[51]
		Klarskov et al[52]
		Sánchez-Tomé et al[53]
Tumor supressor gene loci loss
APC mutations	77%	Francisco et al[56]
KRAS mutations	46%	Francisco et al[56]
MGMT methylation	36%	Francisco et al[56]
Chromosome gains	20q, 19 and 17	Therkildsen et al[57]
Chromosome loss	8p, 15, 18	Therkildsen et al[57]
Signaling by G protein coupled receptor	up-regulated	Dominguez-Valentin et al[58]
(GNAS, F2R, F2RL2, EDN1, EDNRA, GRM8, GNA2, GNG11, , HCRT, PTGER1, P2RY2, RAMP2, MC1R, TUBB3, VIP)
SEMA4A variants		Schulz et al[61]