Machine learning for modeling and identifying risk factors of pancreatic fistula

Table 1 Clinical parameters

Groups parameters	All patients	No fistula	No fistula and biochemical leak	Fistula B/C and biochemical leak	Biochemical leak	Fistula B/C
Qualitative disease and treatment parameters (%)
Blood vessel resection	15.3	19.8	16.8	3.3	7.1	0
Perineural invasion	46.9	55.6	52.6	23.3	14.3	31.3
Vascular invasion	48.7	59.3	54.7	20	14.3	25
Enterostomy	23.1	76.2	24.7	25	50	14.3
Roux anastomosis	36.3	87.9	37.7	20	0	28.6
Tumor morphology (%)
Benign tumor	2.02	1.4	2.3	4	10	0
Neuroendocrine cancer	10.1	6.8	9.5	20	30	13.3
Epithelial malignant tumor	87.9	91.9	88.1	76	60	86.7
Disease stage (%)
I	17	16.9	16.5	17.2	14.3	20
IIa	24	22.5	22.4	27.6	21.4	33.3
IIb	30	29.6	30.6	31	35.7	26.7
III	20	21.1	21.2	17.2	21.4	13.3
IV	9	9.9	9.4	6.9	7.1	6.7
Quantitative parameters, median (interquartile range)
Age	61 (53.75, 66)	62 (54.75, 68)	60.5 (54, 66)	56.5 (46, 62.75)	61 (50.75, 64.75)	54.5 (46, 59.5)
Blood amylase 3-5 days, mM	50 (29.5, 91.7)	44 (24, 70)	51 (30, 91.6)	81 (37, 138)	45.5 (32.5, 97.15)	91.8 (66.5, 246)
Drain amylase 3-5 days, mM	81 (17.75, 1243)	23 (13.5, 44.5)	81 (19.25, 1341)	2445 (628.2; 3725)	932.5 (370.25, 1653.75)	4065 (3707, 5000)
Leukocytes 2-3 days, 109/L	13.1(9.25, 17.45)	12.4 (9.225, 15.7)	12.8 (9.3, 17.2)	16.7 (11.85, 20.35)	16.7 (11.7, 20.8)	14.85 (12.1, 19.025)
Tumor size, mm3	12.5 (5.1, 32)	5 (3, 7.25)	12.5 (5.25, 36.26)	3 (2.5, 4.375)	3 (2.5, 3.75)	3 (2.95, 4.5)
BMI, kg/m2	25.26 (23.1, 28.21)	25.3 (23, 28.1)	25.3 (23, 28.1)	25.8 (23, 28.1)	24.5 (21.6, 27.5)	25.9 (23.9, 28.2)
Pancreatic duct diameter, mm	4.5 (2.5, 7)	5 (3, 7.25)	4.5 (2.5, 7)	3 (2.5, 4.36)	3 (2.5, 3.75)	3 (2.95, 4.5)

BMI: Body mass index.