Chlorogenic acid induces hepatocellular carcinoma cell ferroptosis via PTGS2/AKR1C3/GPX4 axis-mediated reprogramming of arachidonic acid metabolism

Figure 6 Chlorogenic acid induces ferroptosis in HepG2 cells (mean ± SD, n = 3). A: Intracellular Fe²⁺levels; B: Intracellular reactive oxygen species levels detected by BODIPY 581/591 C11 lipid peroxidation probe; C: Statistics of intracellular Fe²⁺levels; D: Statistics of intracellular reactive oxygen species levels; E: Malondialdehyde levels; F: Glutathione levels; G: TEM images of mitochondrial ultrastructure; H: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of cystine glutamate reverse transporter and glutathione peroxidase 4 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells; I and J: Western blot analysis of cystine glutamate reverse transporter and glutathione peroxidase 4 protein expression in HepG2 cells. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, and ^cP < 0.001 compared to the 0 μmol chlorogenic acid group. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione; CGA: Chlorogenic acid; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; xCT: Cystine glutamate reverse transporter.