Chlorogenic acid induces hepatocellular carcinoma cell ferroptosis via PTGS2/AKR1C3/GPX4 axis-mediated reprogramming of arachidonic acid metabolism

Figure 1 Chlorogenic acid inhibits HepG2 cell proliferation. A: Chemical structure of chlorogenic acid; B: Cell viability of HepG2 cells measured by CCK-8 assay; C and D: Cell proliferation of HepG2 cells measured by EdU assay; E and F: Colony formation assay to evaluate long-term cell proliferation of HepG2 cells. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, and ^cP < 0.001 compared to the 0 μmol chlorogenic acid group.