Development and validation of a nomogram prediction model for overall survival in patients with rectal cancer

Table 2 Results of univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors in the training cohort

Variables	HR (univariable)	HR (multivariable)	Variables	HR (univariable)	HR (multivariable)
Age	1.01 (1.00-1.02, P = 0.006)	1.01 (1.00-1.02, P = 0.002)	KPS	0.95 (0.94-0.95, P < 0.001)	0.98 (0.97-0.99, P < 0.001)
BMI			Chemotherapy
< 18.5	ref		No
18.5-23.9	0.61 (0.44-0.85, P = 0.003)		Yes	0.64 (0.53-0.76, P < 0.001)	0.63 (0.50-0.79, P < 0.001)
24-27.9	0.47 (0.33-0.67, P < 0.001)		Surgery
≥ 28	0.41 (0.25-0.66, P < 0.001)		No
Sex			Yes	0.35 (0.29-0.42, P < 0.001)	0.70 (0.57-0.86, P = 0.001)
Male			Immunotherapy
Female	1.22 (1.02-1.45, P = 0.033)	1.32 (1.10-1.58, P = 0.003)	No
Marital			Yes	0.65 (0.31-1.38, P = 0.261)
Married			Targeted
Others	1.23 (0.87-1.74, P = 0.236)		No
Histology			Yes	2.12 (1.74-2.58, P < 0.001)	1.44 (1.13-1.84, P = 0.003)
Adenocarcinoma			WBC	1.06 (1.03-1.09, P < 0.001)
Others	1.03 (0.38-2.74, P = 0.961)		β2.microglobulin	1.19 (1.13-1.26, P < 0.001)	1.11 (1.03-1.18, P = 0.004)
TNM			LDH	1.01 (1.01-1.02, P < 0.001)	1.02 (1.01-1.03, P < 0.001)
I-II			PLR	1.02 (1.01-1.03, P = 0.002)
III	2.43 (1.73-3.43, P < 0.001)	2.82 (1.98-4.01, P < 0.001)	NLR	1.07 (1.05-1.09, P < 0.001)	1.04 (1.02-1.07, P = 0.001)
IV	9.92 (7.32-13.44, P < 0.001)	8.16 (5.82-11.44, P < 0.001)	LMR	0.98 (0.97-1.00, P = 0.085)
Radiation			AGR	0.40 (0.29-0.53, P < 0.001)
No			CD4/CD8	0.89 (0.81-0.99, P = 0.024)
Yes	1.67 (1.26-2.22, P < 0.001)

BMI: Body mass index; KPS: Karnofsky performance status; WBC: White blood cell count; LDH: Lactic dehydrogenase; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR: Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; AGR: Albumin-to-globulin ration.