Matching traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine-based research: Advanced nutraceutical development for proactive gastric cancer prevention

Table 2 Molecular mechanisms and clinical effects of compounds isolated from Chinese plants

Plant name	Active molecules	Clinical data	In vitro studies	Molecular targets	Biological effects
Glycyrrhiza uralensis	Glycyrol	Not specified	Induces apoptosis in MGC-803 and Jurkat cell lines	Fas-FasL/caspase-8 pathway, p53 independent	Enhances plasma membrane permeability, increases intracellular calcium, reduces mitochondrial potential
Atractylodes macrocephala	Atractylenolide I, II, III	Reduces appetite loss, improves Karnofsky performance	Affects viability of HGC-27, MGC-803, MKN-45 cells	Notch signaling, Ras/ERK, PI3K/Akt pathways	Induces apoptosis, inhibits inflammation, modulates immune responses
Panax ginseng	Ginsenosides (Rg3, others)	Enhances immune function, improves survival rates	Inhibits cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis	PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Fas-FasL pathways	Modulates chemoresistance, enhances immune function, reduces inflammation
Zingiber officinale	6-gingerol, 6-shogaol	Reduces GC risk, enhances antioxidant activity	Affects apoptosis in GC cell lines	Various cellular pathways (including Fas-FasL)	Induces apoptosis, inhibits inflammation, reduces oxidative stress, improves mitochondrial function
Scutellaria baicalensis	Baicalin, scutellarein	Not specified	Induces apoptosis in AGS cells	PIK3CB, CIP2A, ESR1, fos	Modulates cellular apoptosis pathways, downregulates critical proteins for cancer cell survival
Citrus reticulata	Polymethoxyflavones	Associated with reduced risk of GC	Induces apoptosis in human GC cells SNU-668	Bcl-2, Bax, CASP-3, RARβ, caspase pathways	Regulates apoptosis-related genes

GC: Gastric cancer.