Weiwei Decoction alleviates gastric intestinal metaplasia through the olfactomedin 4/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1/caudal-type homeobox gene 2 signaling pathway

Figure 5 Weiwei Decoction suppresses olfactomedin 4 expression and restores nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 level, consequently reducing caudal-type homeobox gene 2 in intestinal metaplasia rats. A-C: Immunohistochemistry detection of olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), and caudal-type homeobox gene 2 (CDX2), representative images of gastric mucosa in each group. Scale bar: 100 μm; D: Quantitative analysis of OLFM4, NOD1, and CDX2 protein expression in gastric mucosa (n = 3); E: Relative mRNA expression of OLFM4, NOD1, and CDX2 in gastric mucosa (n = 5). ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 vs control group; ^dP < 0.05, ^eP < 0.01, ^fP < 0.001 vs model group; ^gP < 0.05, ^hP < 0.01, ⁱP < 0.001 vs folic acid group. OLFM4: Olfactomedin 4; NOD1: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1; CDX2: Caudal-type homeobox gene 2; WWD: Weiwei Decoction; FA: Folic acid.