Causal effects of genetic birth weight and gestational age on adult esophageal diseases: Mendelian randomization study

Figure 1 Flowchart of Mendelian randomization analyses in this study. Step 1: The causal effects of gestational duration, gestational age, and birth weight on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus (BE), esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA); Step 2: The causal effects of birth weight on eight risk factors; Step 3: The causal effects of eight risk factors on GERD, BE, EA; Step 4: The causal effects of eight risk factors on GERD, BE, EA after adjusting birth weight. BE: Barrett’s esophagus; EA: Esophageal adenocarcinoma; EGG: Early Growth Genetics; GWAS: Genome-wide association study; IVs: Instrumental variables; IVW: Inverse variance weighted; MR-PRESSO: MR-Pleiotropy RESidual sum and outlier; UVMR: Univariable Mendelian randomization; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; MVMR: Multivariable Mendelian randomization; LD: Linkage disequilibrium.