Oncolytic virotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A potent immunotherapeutic landscape

Table 2 Representative oncolytic virus for hepatocellular carcinoma

Virus name	Mode of actions/target	Virus Modification	Potential implications	Ref.
ZD55-IL-24	Combine cisplatin in vitro/Bel-7404, SMMC-7721	IL-24 gene, E1B 55 kDa deletion	Enhance selective cytotoxicity	[11]
ZD55-TRAIL-IETD-Smac	Intratumoral injection/Bel-7404 nude mice model	TRAIL and Smac gene, E1B 55 kDa deletion	Enhance synergistic anti-tumor effect	[12]
Ad.wnt-E1A (Δ24bp)-TSLC1	Intratumoral injection/MHCC-97H nude mice model	TSLC1 gene, 24 bp deletion of E1A CR2	Enhance tumor selectivity antitumor activity	[14]
OncoVV-AVL	In vitro/Hep-3B, PLC/PRF/5, Huh7	Aphrocallistes vastus lectin	Enhance the ability of replication	[22]
T-01	Left lobe of the liver injection/HuH-7, KYN-2, PLC/PRF/5, HepG2 athymic mice model	-	Enhance oncolytic safety	[25]
VSV-β-gal	Administered via the hepatic artery/McA-RH7777 ‘‘multifocal’’ HCC in the rat liver	β-galactosidase	Enhance tumor-selective viral replication, and extensive oncolysis	[33]
Wild type REO	Oral gavage/Huh7 SCID mice model	-	Inhibit the replication of HCV in HCV-HCC	[37]
delNS1	Inoculation in vivo/STAT12/2 mice, STAT11/1 mice, C57BL/6 mice	Partial deletion of NS	Inhibit the host antiviral response	[40]
delNS1-GM-CSF	Intratumoral injection/HepG2 nude mice model	Partial deletion of NS, GM-CSF inserted	Enhance oncolytic efficacy and safety	[42]
rNDV/F3aa (L289A)	Administered via the hepatic artery/McA-RH7777 ‘‘multifocal’’ HCC in the rat liver	A single amino acid substitution from alanine to L289A in the F protein	Enhance tumor specific syncytial formation and necrosis	[46]
VG9-IL-24	Intratumoral injection/SMMC-7721 nude mice model	IL-24	Induce apoptosis of tumor cells	[51]
Ad-GD55-α-TIM-3	Intratumoral injection/PBMC mixed Bel-7404 BALB/c nude mice model	GP73 promoter and α-TIM-3	Enhance the antitumor efficacy and the local immune response	[52]
OVH-aMPD-1	Combination with TIGIT blockade In vivo/hepa1-6 nude mice model	Express a scFv against PD-1 (aMPD-1 scFv)	Remodel immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment	[59]

NDV: Newcastle disease virus; scFv: Single-chain variable fragment; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; TSLC1: Tumor suppressor lung cancer 1; VSV: Vesicular stomatitis virus; REO: Reovirus; delNS1: Nonstructural protein1; TIGIT: T cell immune receptor with Ig and ITIM domains; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell; NS: Nonstructural protein; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; oncoVV-AVL: Aphrocallistes vastus lectin; L289A: Leucine at amino acid 289.