Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy-assisted biliary polypectomy for local palliative treatment of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct

Figure 3 Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy-assisted biliary polypectomy for non-mucin-producing polypoid type intraductal papillary neoplasm in the intrahepatic bile duct with therapeutic success in patient three. A: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) showing a 1-cm sized polypoid mass with no obvious vascularity; B: A far view of the mass (from far view to observe the tumor); C: The tumor ready to be snared and resected under the direct visualization of PTCS (methylene blue staining); D: The location where the tumor was successfully resected with PTCS-assisted biliary polypectomy.