Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C genotype 3 infection: A systematic review

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v16.i4.1596

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World J Gastrointest Oncol. Apr 15, 2024; 16(4): 1596-1612
Published online Apr 15, 2024. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i4.1596

Table 2 Patients level characteristics for studies included in the meta-analysis

Ref.	Total number of participants	Percentage genotype 3, n (%)	Number of HCV GT3 participants	Age, yr, median or mean	Sex (M/F)	Number of HCC, n (%)	Patients without HCC, n (%)	Risk factor	Number with risk factor who developed HCC, n (%)	Cirrhosis (%)	Active HCV (%)	Cleared HCV, n (%)	HIV, n (%)	HBV, n (%)	Hazards ratio of risk factor	OR/HR/RR calculation (in study or calculated independently)
Aziz et al[27], 2019	300	300 (100.00)	300	55.08 +/-5.62	179/121	10 (3.33)	290 (96.67)	DAA treatment (SOF + DAC +/-RBV)	10 (3.33)	100	100	276 (92.00)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								Child Pugh A (compensated cirrhosis) and SVR not achieved	2 (0.67)	100	100	276 (92.00)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								Child Pugh B (compensated cirrhosis) and SVR achieved	5 (1.67)	100	100	276 (92.00)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								Child Pugh B (Decompensated cirrhosis) and SVR not achieved	3 (1.00)	100	100	276 (92.00)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								Male	7 (2.33)	100	100	276 (92.00)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								Female	3 (1.00)	100	100	276 (92.00)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
Cha et al[29], 2016	1335	98 (7.30)	98	41.8 +/-10.5	79/19	4 (4.10)	94 (95.92)	Age > 40 yr	ND	25.50	100	34 (34.70)	0 (0)	4 (4.1)	2.697 (0.436-16.683), P = 0.286	Calculated in study
								Cirrhosis at enrolment	25 (25.50)	25.50	100	34 (34.70)	0 (0)	4 (4.1)	33.834 (2.088-548.269), P = 0.013	Calculated in study
								Alcohol intake > 40 g/d	53 (54.60)	25.50	100	34 (34.70)	0 (0)	4 (4.1)	8.556 (0.693-105.623), P = 0.094	Calculated in study
								SVR	34 (34.70)	25.50	100	34 (34.70)	0 (0)	4 (4.1)	0.848 (0.063-11.445), P = 0.901	Calculated in study
								Decompensated cirrhosis and achieved SVR*	1	25.50	100	34 (34.70)	0 (0)	4 (4.1)		Independent calculation
								Did not achieve SVR*	1	25.50	100	34 (34.70)	0 (0)	4 (4.1)		Independent calculation
								Low platelet count	ND	25.50	100	34 (34.70)	0 (0)	4 (4.1)	1.00 (1.00- 1.00), P = 0.872	Calculated in study
Khan et al[30], 2009	158	147 (93.00)	147	47.3 +/-12.5	102/56	65 (44.20)	82 (55.78)	Male	51	17.69	87.10	30 (18.99)	0 (0)	5		Independent calculation
								Female	14	17.69	87.10	30 (18.99)	0 (0)	5		Independent calculation
								Age > 46.9 yr	65	17.69	87.10	30 (18.99)	0 (0)	5		Independent calculation
								High AFP	65	17.69	87.10	30 (18.99)	0 (0)	5		Independent calculation
								High HCV VL	65	17.69	87.10	30 (18.99)	0 (0)	5		Independent calculation
								ALP > 68	65	17.69	87.10	30 (18.99)	0 (0)	5		Independent calculation
								Anti-HBc*	46	17.69	87.10	30 (18.99)	0 (0)	5		Independent calculation
								HCV viraemia*	58	17.6	87.10	30 (18.99)	0 (0)	5		Independent calculation
Kanwal et al[19], 2014	110484	8337 (7.54)	8337	50.2 +/-6.4	8095/242	ND	ND	Cirrhosis	ND	12	86	1167 (14.00)	242 (2.9)	0 (0)	1.44 (1.23-1.68)	Calculated in study
								Diabetes	ND	12	86	1167 (14.00)	242 (2.9)	0 (0)	1.30 (1.88-1.90)	Calculated in study
								Age > 50 yr	ND	12	86	1167 (14.00)	242 (2.9)	0 (0)	1.79 (1.53-2.11)	Calculated in study
								Age < 50 yr	ND	12	86	1167 (14.00)	242 (2.9)	0 (0)	1.86 (1.56-2.22)	Calculated in study
Maryam et al[32], 2018	50	50 (100.00)	50	58 (47-73)	37/23	27 (54.00)	23 (46.00)	NRAS oncogene	27 (54.00)	ND	100	0	ND	ND		Independent calculation
								Male*	22	ND	100	0	ND	ND		Independent calculation
								Female*	5	ND	100	0	ND	ND		Independent calculation
Park et al[35], 2019	180	16 (8.88)	16	46 (40-53)	45306	16 (100.00)	0 (0)	Male	15 (93.80)	100	100	2 (12.50)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								Diabetes	6 (40.00)	100	100	2 (12.50)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								Cirrhosis	16 (100.00)	100	100	2 (12.50)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								Alcohol intake > 60 g/d	3 (18.80)	100	100	2 (12.50)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								High HCV VL	6 (37.70)	100	100	2 (12.50)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								MELD-score > 9.5	16 (100.00)	100	100	2 (12.50)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								Female	1 (6.25)	100	100	2 (12.50)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								High AFP	16 (100.00)	100	100	2 (12.50)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
								Not achieved SVR*	2	100	100	2 (12.50)	0 (0)	0 (0)		Independent calculation
Tayyab et al[34], 2020	653	593 (90.81)	593	50 (41-56)	319/334	40 (6.13)	613 (93.87)	Age, per 10-yr increase	ND	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	1.71 (1.25-2.33), P = 0.001	Calculated in study
								Use of SOF/DCV/RBV	9 (22.50)	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	17.05 (2.09-139.47), P = 0.01	Calculated in study
								Cirrhosis	40 (6.13)	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								Male*	18	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								Female*	22	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								High BMI*	5	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								Hypertension*	3	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								Diabetes*	19	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								HBV Co-infection*	12	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								Achieved SVR*	35	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								Not achieved SVR*	5	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								SOF/RBV use*	29	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								SOF/RBV/PEG-IFN use*	1	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation
								SOF/DCV use*	1	49.31	54 (8.27)	599 (91.78)	ND	0 (0)	ND	Independent calculation

NB: *Risk factor not deemed statistically significant in the study’s own analysis. Crude numbers were extracted to pool and calculate hazard ratios. HR: Hazard ratio; OR: Odds ratio; RR: Relative risks; ND: Not determined; SOF: Sofosbuvir; RBV: Ribavirin; PEG-IFN: Pegylated interferon; DCV: Daclatasvir; SVR: Sustained virologic response; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; Anti-HBc: Total antibody to hepatitis B core antigen; AFP: Alpha feto protein; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; VL: Viral load; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Citation: Farooq HZ, James M, Abbott J, Oyibo P, Divall P, Choudhry N, Foster GR. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C genotype 3 infection: A systematic review. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16(4): 1596-1612
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v16/i4/1596.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i4.1596