New avenues for the treatment of immunotherapy-resistant pancreatic cancer

Table 2 Clinical studies of combined immunotherapy for resistant pancreatic cancer

Combination	Pacients	Phase	Results	Identification	Ref.
Motixafortide (CXCR4 blocker) + pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1)	37	IIa	The disease control rate was 34.5%, survival rate of 7.5 months, a more efficient infiltration of CD8+ T cells and a reduction in MDSCs	NCT02826486	[208]
Acalabrutinib (BTK inhibitor) + pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1)	40	II	The disease control rate was 21.1%, the survival rate was 1.4 months and there was a reduction in MDSCs	NCT02362048	[209]
GVAX + CRS-207	90	II	The disease control rate was 31%, the survival rate was 6.1 months and there was an increase in mesothelin-specific CD8+ T cells	NCT01417000	[210]
GVAX + CRS-207	200	IIb	The survival rate of 175 days (average) and a more efficient infiltration of CD8+ T cells	NCT02004262	[211]

CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor 4; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; BTK: Bruton's tyrosine kinase; PD-1: Programmed cell death-1.