Preoperatively predicting vessels encapsulating tumor clusters in hepatocellular carcinoma: Machine learning model based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography

Table 2 Univariable and Multivariable logistic regression for upstaging in the training set

Variables	VETC- (n = 53)	VETC+ (n = 53)	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
			OR	P value	OR	P value
Age, median (IQR)	63 (50, 67)	55 (51, 62)	0.997	0.096
Sex (%)			1.344	0.637
Male	40 (75)	43 (81)
Female	13 (25)	10 (19)
Hepatitis (%)			1.133	0.74
HBV or/and HCV	47 (89)	49 (92)
Negative	6 (11)	4 (8)
Cirrhosis (%)			0.669	0.626
Present	44 (83)	41 (77)
Absent	9 (17)	12 (23)
ALT, median (IQR)	23 (15, 38)	36 (20, 52)	1.010	0.011	1.001	0.738
AST, median (IQR)	29 (21, 50)	40 (28, 68)	0.989	0.022	0.991	0.450
GGT, median (IQR)	39 (27, 87)	100 (40, 185)	1.000	0.001	1.000	0.209
AFP, median (IQR)	62.23 (5.48, 446.4)	78.51 (8.05, 8213)	0.999	0.076
Main tumor size, median (IQR)	4.1 (2.4, 6.5)	8.9 (5.6, 10.8)	2.815	< 0.001	1.873	< 0.001
Multiplicity (%)			0.799	0.009	0.907	0.660
≥ 2	8 (15)	21 (40)
1	45 (85)	32 (60)
Single lobe involvement (%)			0.620	< 0.001	0.952	0.617
Present	46 (87)	28 (53)
Absent	7 (13)	25 (47)
Intratumor hemorrhage (%)			0.609	1
Present	4 (8)	5 (9)
Absent	49 (92)	48 (91)
Intratumor necrosis (%)			0.850	< 0.001	7.947	< 0.001
Present	13 (25)	44 (83)
Absent	40 (75)	9 (17)
Arterial phase hyperenhancement (%)			1.112	0.363
Present	49 (92)	52 (98)
Absent	4 (8)	1 (2)
Well defined capsule (%)			1.018	1
Present	38 (72)	37 (70)
Absent	15 (28)	16 (30)
Washout (%)			1.815	1
Present	52 (98)	53 (100)
Absent	1 (2)	0 (0)
Non-smooth tumor margin (%)			1.717	0.014	1.109	0.881
Present	28 (53)	41 (77)
Absent	25 (47)	12 (23)

VETC: Vessels encapsulating tumor cluster; IQR: Interquartile range; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein.