Clinical profile and outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma in primary Budd-Chiari syndrome

Table 6 Summary of incidence, risk factors, and management of hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction-hepatocellular carcinoma

Ref.	Country	Patients, n	Incidence of HCC, n (%)	Risk factors	Treatment offered
Nakamura et al[31], 1968	Japan	64	28 (43.7)	Not provided	Details not provided
Nakamura and Takezawa et al[32], 1982	Japan	13	6 (46.0)	Age at BCS diagnosis < 44 yr; complete obstruction of IVC	Details not provided
Simson et al[33], 1982	South Africa	101	48 (47.5)	Not provided	Details not provided
Rector et al[34], 1985	United States	10	2 (20.0)	Not provided	Details not provided
Kew et al[35], 1989	South Africa	15	6 (40.0)	Not provided	Details not provided
Okuda et al[1], 1998	Japan	148	10 (6.7)	Not provided	Details not provided
Shrestha et al[36], 1996	Nepal	150	7 (4.6)	Not provided	Details not provided
Bayraktar et al[24], 1998	Turkey	56 (prospective study duration 10 years)	3 (5.3)	Hepatic vein thrombosis	Details not provided
Dilawari et al[37], 1994	India	115	9 (7.8)	Not provided	Details not provided
Matsui et al[38], 2000	Japan	12	3 (25.0)	Chronic congestion	Resection (1); TACE (1); chemotherapy (1)
Shin et al[23], 2004	South Korea	73	15 (20.5), 6 de novo/9 follow up	Female sex not provided	TACE (11); resection (2); conservative (2)
Moucari et al[4], 2008	France	97	11 (11.3)	Male, factor V Leiden mutation, IVC obstruction	TACE (7); LT (3); conservative (1)
Amarapurkar et al[25], 2008	India	35 (prospective study); follow-up 42 mo	1 (2.8)	Not provided	Details not provided
Shrestha et al[39], 2009	Nepal	56	6 (10.7)	HV block	PAI (1); supportive (5)
Gwon et al[11], 2010	Korea	98	23 (23.4)	Female sex	TACE (20); TACE + LT (3)
Park et al[5], 2012	Korea	95	17, annual incidence 2.8	Elevated HVPG	Intraarterial chemotherapy (3); conservative (3); LT (2)
Liu et al[6], 2013	China	246	14 (5.6)	IVC block + stricture of hepatic venous outflow	TACE (14)
Paul et al[9], 2015	India	421	16 (3.8)	Cirrhosis; combined IVC and HV block; long segment IVC block	TACE (11); TKI (1); conservative (4)
Sakr et al[8], 2017	Egypt	348	15 (4.3)	Male, older age; cigarette smoking, AFP > 24.5	TACE (4); TACE + RFA (2); TACE + TKI (1); conservative (8)
Li et al[7], 2022	China	113	12 (10.6)	IVC block + stricture of hepatic venous outflow	Resection (2); RFA (1); Conservative (4); TACE (5)

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; BCS: Budd-Chiari syndrome; HV: Hepatic vein; HVPG: Hepatic venous pressure gradient; IVC: Inferior vena cava; LT: Liver transplant; TACE: Transarterial chemoembolization; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; PAI: Percutaneous acetic acid injection; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; TKI: Tyrosine kinase inhibitor.