Roles and application of exosomes in the development, diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer

Table 2 Role of exosomes cargo in initiation and progression of gastric cancer

Type	Contents	Mechanisms	Function	Ref.
Protein	YB-1	Up-regulation of angiogenic factors in endothelial cells	Promote gastric cancer angiogenesis	[45]
miRNA	miR-519a-3p	Causes M2-like polarization of macrophages	Induce angiogenesis and promote pre-metastatic niche formation	[46]
Protein	X26nt	Decrease vascular endothelial cadherin	Promote angiogenesis	[47]
circRNA	circ29	Regulates the VEGF pathway in endothelial cells	Promote angiogenesis	[48]
Protein	GKN1	Tumor suppressor protein	Inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis	[51]
Protein	TRIM3	TRIM3 knockdown regulates stem cell factors and EMT regulators	Promote the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer	[52]
Protein	GC-exosome	Activation of NF-κB activates macrophages in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells	Promote tumor cell proliferation and migration	[53]
Protein	GC-exosome	Induce pericytes to transform into CAFs	Induce malignant progression of cancer	[58]
Protein	CD97	Activate the MAPK signaling pathway	Promote cell proliferation and invasion	[54]

MiRNA: MicroRNA; circRNA: Circular RNA; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; GC: Gastric cancer; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-beta; EMT: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblast.