Unraveling the enigma: A comprehensive review of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas

Table 2 Markers for diagnosing solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas on immunohistochemistry analysis

Markers	Positive rate	Mechanisms/implications
β-catenin[26,65]	Almost 100% (nuclear)	Activating the Wnt-signaling pathway
CD200[73]	100% (focal)	Marker of stem cell status
CD10[65,66,74]	100%	Marker of SPTP; expressed in immature lymphocyte
CD56[66]	100%	Marker of SPTP
AMACR[75]	96.2%	Marker of SPTP
LEF1[18]	94.7%	Regulating the Wnt-signaling pathway
TFE3[76]	94.7%	Activating and regulating the Wnt-signaling pathway
CD99[77]	78.4% (paranuclear dot-like)	Differentiating from PNET
E-cadherin[65,78]	0%	Differentiating from PNET
CgA[26]	0%	Differentiating from PNET
Trypsin[26,79]	0%	Differentiating from ACC
BCL10[26,79]	0%	Differentiating from ACC
Ki-67[31,80]	Mostly 1-2%	Predicting prognosis

CD: Cluster of differentiation; PNET: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; SPTP: Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas; LEF1: Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1; TFE3: Transcription factor E3; AMACR: α-methylacyl-CoA racemase; CgA: Chromogranin A; ACC: Acinar cell carcinoma; BCL10: B-cell lymphoma-10.