Vitamin D 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization

Figure 1 Supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D improves hepatic steatosis and lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed normal control diet or high-fat (HF) diet for 16 weeks, or HF diet plus 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (20 µg/kg) by oral gavage every alternate day for 16 weeks. Phosphate-buffered saline by oral gavage served as a control (n = 10/group). A: Hepatic steatosis determined by hematoxylin & eosin staining (200 ×); B: Body weight of mice; C: Liver weight of mice; D: Hepatic proinflammatory cytokines expression; E: Hepatic lipid metabolism genes mRNA expression; F: Hepatic lipid metabolism enzymes protein expression. Values are mean ± SEM, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, n = 10 animals per group; NC: Normal control; HF: High-fat; VD3: 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor α; IL: Interleukin; SREBP1C: Sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1C; FASN: Fatty acid synthetase; ACOX1: Acyl-CoA oxidase 1; CPT1A: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A.