Update understanding on diagnosis and histopathological examination of atrophic gastritis: A review

Table 2 Clinical and histological features of different stages of gastric atrophy

Stage	Clinical features	Histological features
Non-atrophic gastritis	Mild symptoms or asymptomatic[4,20]	Inflammation without glandular atrophy[4,20]
Mild atrophic gastritis	Dyspepsia, bloating, mild anemia[4,22]	Focal glandular atrophy, mild inflammation[12,43]
Moderate atrophic gastritis	More remarkable dyspepsia, iron deficiency anemia[22,25]	More extensive glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia may begin[4,21]
Severe atrophic gastritis	Pernicious anemia, malabsorption symptoms[21,25]	Extensive atrophy, marked intestinal metaplasia, risk of neoplasia[12,43]
Gastric cancer	Weight loss, abdominal pain, early satiety[26,35]	Adenocarcinoma or neuroendocrine tumor on a background of atrophy[37,39]