Development and application of hepatocellular carcinoma risk prediction model based on clinical characteristics and liver related indexes

Table 2 Alpha-fetoprotein, protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II, or both in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

	Training cohort					Validation cohort
	AUC (95%CI)	SEN (%)	SPE (%)	PPV (%)	NPV (%)	AUC (95%CI)	SEN (%)	SPE (%)	PPV (%)	NPV (%)
HCC
AFP	0.812 (0.788-0.815)	49.19	93.00	42.21	94.63	0.845 (0.786-0.880)	52.56	91.00	49.04	92.09
PIVKA-II	0.882 (0.865-0.903)	63.91	94.93	51.21	96.93	0.878 (0.839-0.916)	64.74	94.53	57.35	95.93
AFP + PIVKA-II	0.896 (0.877-0.915)	69.35	95.82	55.51	97.65	0.888 (0.851-0.924)	67.95	95.17	59.83	96.56
Early-stage HCC
AFP	0.860 (0.792-0.928)	51.06	97.49	82.77	89.40	0.714 (0.642-0.787)	14.55	98.49	72.70	80.66
PIVKA-II	0.863 (0.790-0.936)	40.43	96.98	75.97	87.33	0.868 (0.802-0.935)	52.73	96.48	80.55	88.07
AFP + PIVKA-II	0.923 (0.869-0.978)	63.83	96.98	83.31	91.90	0.869 (0.804-0.933)	50.91	95.98	77.78	87.61

SEN: Sensitivity; SPE: Specificity; PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; CI: Confidence interval; PIVKA-II: Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; AUC: Area under receiver operating characteristic curve; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein.