Update and latest advances in mechanisms and management of colitis-associated colorectal cancer

Table 1 Summary of guidelines and consensus statements reporting on colonoscopic surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease

Society	Disease type	Initiation	Risk categories	Surveillance intervals	Endoscopic selection of dysplasia detection
ACG, 2019; Guideline[51]	UC	8 yr; concomitant PSC: From diagnosis	No specific recommendation	UC: 1-3 yr; concomitant PSC: 1 yr	Dye spray chromoendoscopy with methylene blue or indigo carmine; white-light endoscopy with narrow-band imaging
ACG, 2018; Guideline[56]	CD	No specific recommendation			Colonoscopy with chromoendoscopy: high risk for colorectal neoplasia1
AGA, 2021; expert consensus[52]	IBD	8-10 yr; after a negative screening colonoscopy: 1-5 yr; concomitant PSC: From diagnosis	No specific recommendation	High risk for developing colorectal dysplasia2, persistent moderate-severe pouchitis, and/or pre-pouch ileitis: At least 1 yr	Dye spray chromoendoscopy; high-definition endoscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy
AOCC and APAG, 2021; expert consensus[57]	IBD	8 yr		UC patients with LGD in flat mucosae: In 3-6 mo	No specific recommendation
BSG, 2019; guideline[58]	IBD	8 yr; concomitant PSC: From diagnosis	Lower risk: Extensive colitis with no active inflammation; colitis affecting < 50% of the colon; intermediate risk: extensive colitis with mildly active inflammation; post-inflammatory polyps; CRC in an FDR older than 50 yr; higher risk: Extensive colitis with moderate-to-severely active inflammation; stricture or dysplasia in last 5 yr; history of PSC (including after orthotopic liver transplantation); CRC in a FDR younger than 50 yr	Lower risk: 5 yr; intermediate risk: 3 yr; higher risk: 1 yr	High-definition colonoscopy with chromoendoscopy
CCA, 2018; Guideline[59]	IBD	8-10 yr	Lower risk: Quiescent disease and no other risk factors; intermediate risk: Quiescent disease without high risk factors; family history of CRC in an FDR; higher risk: Chronic active inflammation; prior colorectal dysplasia; evidence of intestinal damage with foreshortened tubular colon, colonic stricture, or pseudopolyps; PSC; family history of CRC younger than 50 yr	Lower risk: 5 yr; Intermediate risk: 3 yr; higher risk: 1 yr	Colonoscopy with chromoendoscopy
CSG, 2018; Chinese consensus[53]	IBD	8-10 yr	No specific recommendation	UC: 8-10 yr; montreal type E2: 2 yr (15 yr after the onset of the disease); montreal type E3: 2 yr (8-10 yr after the onset of the disease); 1 yr (after 20 yr); concomitant PSC: 1 yr	No specific recommendation
ECCO, 2017; guideline[55]	UC	Over 8 yr	Lower risk: Neither intermediate nor high-risk features; intermediate risk: Extensive colitis with mild or moderate active inflammation; post-inflammatory polyps; CRC in a FDR older than 50 yr; higher risk: Extensive colitis with severe active inflammation; stricture or dysplasia in last 5 yr; PSC	Lower risk: 5 yr; intermediate risk: 2-3 yr; higher risk: 1 yr	High-definition endoscopy; chromoendoscopy with targeted biopsies
ECCO, 2019; guideline[60,61]	IBD	No specific recommendation	Same with BSG Guideline (2019)	Lower risk: 5 yr; intermediate risk: 2-3 yr; higher risk: 1 yr
JSG, 2020; Guideline[62]	IBD	8 yr	No specific recommendation		Targeted biopsies
NCCN, 2022; Guideline[63]	IBD	8 yr	Low risk: No active inflammation; high risk: Extensive colitis with active inflammation; dysplasia; PSC; family history of CRC younger than 50 yr	Low risk: 2-3 yr; high risk: 1 yr; HGD or piecemeal resection: 3-6 mo	High-definition white light endoscopy; colonoscopy with chromoendoscopy
NICE, 2022; guideline[64]	IBD	UC but not proctitis alone or CD involving more than one segment of the colon: 10 yr	Same with BSG guideline (2019)	Low risk: 5 yr; intermediate risk: 3 yr; high risk: 1 yr	Colonoscopy with chromoendoscopy
WGO, 2015; guideline[54]	IBD	8 yr	No specific recommendation		Magnification and chromoendoscopy

¹Personal history of dysplasia, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

²Prior colorectal cancer or dysplasia, PSC.

ACG: American College of Gastroenterology; AGA: American Gastroenterological Association; AOCC: Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis; APAG: Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology; BSG: British Society of Gastroenterology; CCA: Cancer Council Australia; CD: Crohn’s disease; CRC: Colorectal cancer; CSG: Chinese Society of Gastroenterology; ECCO: European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization; FDR: First-degree relative; HGD: High-grade dysplasia; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; LGD: Low-grade dysplasia; JSG: Japanese Society of Gastroenterology; NCCN: National Comprehensive Cancer Network; NICE: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; UC: Ulcerative colitis; WGO: World Gastroenterology Organization.